DNA, Genes and chromosomes

DNA, Genes and chromosomes Introduction Assignment two will firstly explain about DNA, genes and chromosomes. It will then evaluate some pre- disposed genetic factors that affect normal human functioning and look a range of different diseases. It will then evaluate pre-disposed environmental factors that may also affect normal human functioning and discuss another range of diseases. Genetic information is contained in nucleic acids, which are the molecules that hold the information. All living cells and viruses contain information and there are two types of nucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the self replicating genetic material in living cells and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The structure of DNA was worked out by Watson and Crick in the 1950s. Nucleic acids are made of units called nucleotides and an individual nucleotide is in three parts which combine by condensation reactions. These are phosphoric acid, pentose sugar, which in DNA is deoxyribose and in RNA ribose and there is an organic base comprising of five and divided into two groups. The DNA is a double stranded polymer of nucleotides (polynucleotide) comprising of many million nucleotide units. Its structure is in the form of double helix which is maintained by hydrogen bonding and it contains four organ bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. A gene is the unit of heredity, comprising of a length of DNA that influences an organisms form and function. The protein produced when a gene is expressed produces a characteristic and each gene occupies its own position on the chromosome called the locus. Different forms of the same genes are called allele and there may be different alleles of the same gene with slightly different DNA structure. The chromosome is one long coiled DNA molecule which has genes dotted along its length. The genetic material of each cell is packaged together in the nucleus as chromosomes and each one of these contains very long DNA molecules. The human body has 46 chromosomes and in each body cell the chromosomes are in pairs, called homologous and a full set of chromosomes is called the karotype. Chromosomes make copies of each other so that when they divide, each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the genetic information. This is called replication and results in two DNA molecules. The Human Genome Project started in 1990 and it was a huge task to determine the order of bases in the human genome as well as identifying all the genes formed by the bases. Its other aims were to find the location of the genes on the 23 chromosomes and store the information on a data base. The purpose of collating the information was for scientists to know which sections of DNA, on which chromosomes are responsible for many inherited diseases. The main uses of genetic testing are in carrier screening, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, new born baby screening, and for prediction testing of onset disorders such as Huntington disease, onset cancers and Alzheimers disease. Using a sample of DNA it is possible to find out whether a person is carrying a faulty gene which causes a disease such as cystic fibrosis, or to identify genes that play a contributory role in diseases such as breast cancer. From results it is possible to eliminate all risk of the disease by correcting the faulty a llele. Sexual reproduction produces genetic variation amongst individuals in a population. Mitosis is when cell division takes place and it results in growth or repair of body tissues which is not to be confused with Meiosis which is the cell division that produces gametes (sex cells). In mitosis, one cell divides into two identical cells and in meiosis one cell divides into four daughter cells that a genetically unique. A species must change to its environment if it is to survive and the genotype of an organism gives it the potential to show a particular characteristic. Characteristics that are determined by a number of genes are called continuous variation such a height and characteristics that are clear cut are by a single gene are called discontinuous variation. The origins of variation are either non-inheritable or heritable. The environment has a huge role in determining phenotypic variation and factors in humans can include diet and exercise. Heritable variations are when an organism, for example, inherits genes which will determine its eventual size, although this can depend on nutritional influences. Monohybrid inheritance is when a characteristic controlled by a single gene is passed on from one generation to another. Examples of genetic diseases that are passed on in this way are Huntingtons disease and cystic fibrosis. The gene can be either dominant or recessive. Huntingdons disease is due to a mutation in a single gene that occurs on chromosome 4. Every cell nucleus has two copies on the gene and the codes for the protein are Huntingdin. People who develop the disease carry a mutation in one of copy of the Huntingdin gene. Huntingdin is concentrated in areas of the brain and that degeneration of the gene is called Huntingdons disease. Huntingdons disease is rare but another more common disease is cystic fibrosis which is caused by a recessive allele. To inherit the disease both parents have to be carriers of the defective alleles. In the UK one person in 2000 suffers from this condition and people that develop the disease produce a thick sticky mucus from the epithelial cells lining some passages in the body. The pancreatic duct can become blocked so food digestion can not complete and the bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs can become blocked. The normal allele of the cystic fibrosis gene makes an important protein called CFTR. Normally CFTR will transport chloride ions through the plasma membrane, however, the mutated allele causes production of a channel protein that does not transport the ions so the person who is homozygous suffers from cystic fibrosis. The full amount of alleles and their combination a person has is called their genotype and some of these are recessive and some dominant. The effect that these alleles have is called the phenotype. Different alleles of a gene do not have to be recessive or dominant and if two alleles both produce a protein that can function then the alleles can be codominant. An example of a disease that is codominance is Sickle cell anaemia, where a mutant allele of a normal haemoglobin gene causes one amino acid in the two beta polypeptide chains to be different. The shape of the molecule is altered and the red blood cells can be crescent or sickle shaped. These can be easily damaged and the number of working cells decreases the amount of oxygen going to the tissues. The heart works harder and the defective cells join together making the blood sticky. This can result in many side effects including kidney failure, heart attack and strokes. The spleen is over burdened and can stop its ability to remo ve bacteria from the blood so infections can be common. Another type of faulty cell division is called non disjunction where the daughter cell receives two copies of a chromosome and the other gets none. This can result in the condition called Downs syndrome where chromosome 21 is affected. The genetic condition is known as trisomy, where a person inherits an extra copy of one chromosome. People with the syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21 rather than two and this additional genetic material affects the balance of the body and results in characteristic physical and intellectual features. Many people have alleles of genes which can make them much more susceptible to certain diseases. The disease may only develop if the person become in contact with something in the environment such as a chemical. An example of this would be lung cancer as some smokers die from cancer in middle age, while others carry on well into old age without being affected. The expression of genes can also be affected by environmental factors such as diet, disease and temperature during development. Mutagenic agents can cause gene mutations in tissues which then grow abnormally. There much scientific disagreement about a persons intelligence as is it determined by genes or by the environment that they grow up in. Asthma is a condition that tends to run in families that are prone to allergies. Although there are many factors that cause and influence asthma there is no single gene that is involved, although scientists are searching for the gene involved which may lead to a cure. The condition affects the bronchioles that carry air in and out the lungs which become swollen or narrowed and excess mucus is produced. It is a chronic condition and symptoms are wheezing, shortness of breath and a tight feeling in the chest. There are environmental factors which increase the risk of the disease such as being brought up in a house that has a pet, exposure to cigarette smoke in the uterus or in early life, air pollution and being born at the time of year when pollen is at is highest. Coronary heart disease is a condition in which genetics and environmental factors determine which humans get the disease. The disease is caused by a blockage of the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart. In a healthy heart the walls are smooth and the blood flows easily, but the disease develops when material blocks the walls of the arteries causing narrowing of the vessels and possibly a complete blockage. This can lead to a wide range of cardiac problems including angina. The disease often occurs within the same family which can indicate that there maybe genetic link between people with the condition. It is difficult to establish if there is a direct correlation between family members due to genes or whether it is the environmental factors which they all are exposed to. Some of the main environmental factors that increase the risk of developing the disease are smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, unhealthy diet, mental stress, alcohol and coffee. It has been proved that genetic factors have an influence on cholesterol levels, but overall, it seems that a combination of genetics and the environment would best explain the family link to heart disease.

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Samuel Rutherford

In 1642 England was starting to seek for changes in the way their government was set up. John Locke and Samuel Rutherford were the leaders of this change, calling for the removal of an absolute monarch. Their works would be opposed by the ideas of Thomas Hobbes, during this eighteen-year civil war in England. The ideas represented in this period would heavily influence the way England’s government would be set up in the eighteenth century. In 1644 Bishop Ross, also known as John Maxwell, published Sacro-Sancta Regum Majestas. The article’s ideas centered on Calvinist resistance theory and the political theory of Spanish neo-scholastics.In response Samuel Rutherford came out with his publication, Lex Rex, which translates to â€Å"Law is King†. This was the first document proposing rule by law and consisted of 44 questions. In Rutherford’s opinion, power was immediately from God in root. With that being his focus he concluded that not only should the king n ot be above the law but should also be subject to it. Lex Rex is the â€Å"Greatest work on the foundation, nature and constitutional government, the Civil Magistrate, and the separate but mutual relationship of Church and State† (Ford).The contents of Lex Rex develop the idea of a separation of powers between legislative, executive and judicial functions. They are to balance one another in no particular order to combine the best features of monarchic, aristocratic and democratic forms of government. He believes that the real sovereign is the people and that all government officials, including the monarch, should be subject to the rule of law and the rule of men as well. A monarch is contrary to God’s will because it requires subjects to surrender total control to a fallible ruler.The position of an absolute ruler is an intoxicating and corruptive force that would potentially lead to negative outcomes. The implementation of laws and government serving as a check upon t he ruler would be in the best interest of the people (Auchter). In his preferred government the King’s power would be lost when he violates the law because it is a right and even more a duty for the people to resist such an infraction. The ideas contributed in Lex Rex provided a bridge between early natural law philosophers and those who would further develop these ideas. The ublication planted the seeds to the type of government that would be laid not only in England but in America as well. Shortly into his reign as king, Charles II made it illegal to own a copy of the publication and had them all burned. There are only four confirmed copies left today. John Locke was a philosopher and political theorist from England. He is greatly known for his contributions to liberalism and empiricism. His faith relied in that of human reasoning and believed that just societies were those, which infringed minimally on natural rights and freedoms of its subjects.He claimed that a legitimat e government depended on the consent of those being governed. This philosophy was taken greatly into consideration when the founding fathers were drawing up the United States’ Declaration of Independence. Locke was known to preach private property and limited government. Locke’s association with Anthony Cooper (First Earl of Shaftesbury) led him to become successively a government official charged with collecting information about trade and colonies, economic writer, opposition political activist, and and finally a revolutionary whose cause ultimately triumphed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 (Uzgalis).Locke’s two major contributiong pieces of work are Two Treatises of Government and Essay Concerning Human Understanding. In Two Treatises of Government, Locke claims that the sovereignty resides in the people and he explains that humans naturally lived in a state of absolute freedom and quality with no government of any sorts. The earliest form of humans only h ad to follow the law of Nature. During this time individuals allowed themselves to follow their own rights to life, liberty and property. It was soon realized that the contrary outweighed the productive.From this, a civil society was established based on absolute equality and set up a government to settle disputes that would arise in their type of society. The government’s power, however, was not made to be absolute. The power of the government was meant to be surrendered to the people themselves and its authority was contractual with applied conditions. If these conditions were overstepped or abused society has the right to rid of it and create another. With Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke offered the first great defense to empiricism.The publication has to do with determining the limits of human understanding in respect to a wide variety of topics. The main focuses, however, is sensation and reflection. With sensation our senses focus toward the world and subcon sciously receive information. Within reflection the focus is on our mind itself and how it passively receives ideas. This all originates back to our sense of perception. He felt as if our minds were a black tablet, tabula rasa, and that only when we, as infants, start to experience things do our senses to perceive the external world register in our minds.This focus reflected upon the goodness and perfectibility of humanity. His theory had radical implications that, if all humans were capable of reason, education may be able to spread to level of hierarchies of status, race or sex. Much of Locke’s other works had to do with opposition to authority, while his main focus was to use reason to search after truth rather than simply accept the opinion of authority or be subject to suspicion. Thomas Hobbes was the young contemporary of Jean Bodin, though he had contrasting views than him.He was in support of absolute monarchy as he heavily thought that a king was absolutely necessary to protect the subjects of his land. He, like Locke and Rutherford, wrote many great pieces during his life. The two that relate are Elements of Law Natural and Political and Leviathan, his most major piece. Hobbes’ Elements of Law Natural and Political was a direct product of the intellectual and political conflict going on during the seventeenth century.During the time it was written, Parliament was fighting for power against King Charles I. In this writing he claims that society could only function if it is submitted to the governance of an absolute sovereign. His work was accepted with hostility causing him to flee to Paris where he would use this work as the basis to Leviathan. After the execution of Charles I, Hobbes started writing Leviathan. It is composed into four books; â€Å"Of Man†, â€Å"Of Common-wealth†, â€Å"Of a Christian Common-wealth† and â€Å"Of the Kingdome of Darkness†.No differently than Elements of Law Natural and Politi cal, his work was received with hostility as it offended both Loyalists and Parliamentarians. Even the exiled Prince Charles, who Hobbes had tutored, refused to read the document after seeing how the general public reacted to it. The method in Leviathan is modeled after a geometric proof, founded up principles of; each step of argument makes conclusions based upon the previous step. Conclusions derived by Geometry are indisputable because each step itself is indisputable.In Leviathan he wanted to base his philosophy off of irrefutable evidence [, therefore, making it fact] (Sparknotes). Hobbes believed that any form of government capable of protecting its subjects’ lives and property might act as an all-powerful sovereign. The state exists to rule over individuals and is thus licensed to trample over both liberty and property if the government’s survival was at stake. The people must surrender their liberties to a sovereign ruler in exchange for his obligations to keep the peace since man naturally â€Å"behaves like a wolf†.Now, having traded away their liberties, subjects have no right to win them back and the sovereign could rule as he pleased, free to oppress his subjects in any way except to kill them. The sovereign’s main purpose would be to preserve the people of their rights. He felt that if the king could not protect his subjects they were to be free from obedience. While Locke and Rutherford’s ideas are centered toward a limited monarchy contrasts with Hobbes’ beliefs of an absolute monarchy is the way to go, there is one thing they all agree upon.None of them believes that the King should be in one hundred percent control. Rutherford suggests that the executive’s (the king’s) decision have to go through a system of checks and balances with a judicial and legislative branch before it can be made permanent. Locke did not believe in a king at all, but rather than total control of a government. He did, however, agrees that if the government were to overstep its boundaries the people could rid of it in order to create another.While Hobbes’ case is a stretch, due to his strong belief in an absolute sovereign, he believed that if a king could not protect his subjects they were to be free from his obedience. Shortly after these documents were presented King Charles I was beheaded. Cromwell became in control as a monarch until his death when his generals seized power, calling for election of a new parliament. Charles II was soon restored to the throne but did not take on absolute authority. He agreed to follow the Petition of Right, agreeing that Parliament would meet at least once every three years.England had thus emerged from this great civil war as a limited monarch which were the ideas suggested by Locke and Rutherford. The works of these three men had a great effect on England’s government. After King Charles I was executed, Hobbes came out with Leviathan plead ing for an absolute sovereign, which was immediately taken up by Oliver Cromwell. However, it was the words of John Locke and Samuel Rutherford that prevailed in setting up the limited monarchy that came after and still exists in England and also ended up being the bases to the ideas that the United States constitution was based on.

BSBMKG513A Assessment Essay - 1161 Words

Task 1 One factor that is very important for companies that offered services and products is that they need to have a good marketing or a good strategy of promotion, these is the way to find customers and the target market of the company. All business needs to promote their product or services. Promotions can take many forms depending on the industry.In this case we are going to find the best way to make that an international English school in Australia could find the target market in New Delhi, India and build a strategy to increase the opportunities to gather more students of this country and make bigger the presence of the school in New Delhi in the best way. The Benefits of this analysis is that we are going to be able to identify†¦show more content†¦The results of this can help us to be sure that the project in India is working hell or not. 1. - How did you know about us? ( ) Advertisement ( ) Website ( ) Direct selling ( ) Other 2. - Why would you be interested in studying in our English course or the business program? ( ) Quality ( ) Good price ( ) Good study program ( ) Educational level 3. - How would you qualify you was attended? ( ) Excellent ( ) Very Good ( ) Good ( ) Bad 4. - What is your opinion about our school and the things that we offer? ( ) Excellent ( ) Very Good ( ) Good ( ) Bad 5. - After attending to this invitation, would you like to invest in our English school or the diploma of international business? ( ) Yes ( ) No ( ) Not sure 6. - What is your profession? ( ) Teacher ( ) Delegate ( ) Student ( ) Other 7. - Which of the following factors would beShow MoreRelatedmarketing plan Essay21150 Words   |  85 PagesAdvanced Diploma of Marketing (BSB60507). Included are details on how the new package is different from the previous training package (BSB01), and an offering of suggested strategies by which the units can be taught as well as sample assessment tools to support the assessment of learning under the revised Training Packages qualifications. Audience It is intended that Program Coordinators and teachers of Marketing, both contract and sessional, will derive the most use from this document. It is hoped

Counseling Intervention Management Plan For The Patient...

Counseling Intervention Management Plan The counseling intervention selected for the patient situation is Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT). Hofmann Smits (2008) defines CBT as therapy based upon the notion that all anxiety disorders are cognitive based, and that cognitive restructuring and behavioral techniques can be effective treatment tools. In Richards (2014), CBT is described as therapy that must be focused on three main areas: cognitive, behavioral, and emotional. The subject patient is suffering from anxiety disorders and, according to studies reviewed by Dugas et al. (209), CBT was found to be superior in treatment of anxiety disorders to applied relaxation and wait-list control. In Hauck (1975), anxiety is described as being an unconscious state, and that its origin is often rooted in being anxious or afraid, but not knowing the cause. In the area of cognitive, patients are tasked with changing their thinking and habits, and use methods to create a better outlook, according to Richards (2014). For example, if in the past the patient was conditioned to think and react negatively in a situation, through CBT the patient can be taught to react rationally and in a healthy manner. The area of behavioral therapy is critical for those patients struggling with anxiety disorders, per Richards (2014), because this is the area where strategies are utilized to confront real-life challenges. This area is designed to implement skills and strategies for coping withShow MoreRelatedBehavior and Cognitive Intervention Programs in America1228 Words   |  5 Pagesof a company to learn about which behavior or cognitive-behavioral techniques or programs are used. 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The Color Legacy in Major Leage Baseball - 1125 Words

Before 1947, Major League Baseball had never had a black player, although there were Negro Leagues. Jackie Robinson broke that. It takes courage and dedication to chase after something you love. Jackie had that for the game of baseball. The Civil Rights Movement was occurring during the time Jackie enter the Major Leagues, so the times were tough for him. Jackie did more than just play baseball; he introduced a whole new way to play the game, with blacks and whites. He did this by breaking the color barrier and introducing blacks into the Major Leagues, facing discrimination and showing his true passion for the game, and showing that he was looking to help all African-Americans in the civil rights movement. Breaking the color barrier†¦show more content†¦He liked Robinson’s family life off the field and how he dealt with adversity. Rickey’s main fear was the harsh discrimination Jackie would get, so Branch held a historic meeting with Jackie, and said the harsh est things to him to see if Jackie could withstand it, and on October 23, 1945, Robinson signed his first contract. Rickey thought Jackie would be more comfortable playing in Canada for the Dodgers minor league team, the Montreal Royals. Turns out, Rickey was right. Jackie gained tons of fans in Canada, and at the end of the season, Jackie led the minor leagues in batting and runs scored. The Royals also won the minor league pennant that year. In 1947, Jackie Robinson was a Major League Baseball player. The Dodgers had called him up on assignment and Jackie immediately started working. In spring training of his first season, his Brooklyn teammates made a petition to prevent him from playing, but the manager of the team, Leo Durocher, put an end to the petition. On the field, Robinson was an outstanding player. In his first year, he was named the league’s most outstanding rookie. He led the national league in steals with 29. At the end of the season, America made him the secon d most popular celebrity in the nation. Robinson was named the National league Rookie of the Year, and was honored with a â€Å"Jackie Robinson Day† (York). Jackie returned to Georgia in 1949 to play a three game series against the Atlanta Crackers. Many KKK groups

Serious Case Reviews in Childcare Sector Free Essays

Unit 25Understand how to Safeguard the Wellbeing of Children and Young People Outcome 1. 4 Explain when and why inquiries and serious case reviews are required and how the sharing of the findings informs practice. Serious Case Reviews (SCR’s) are undertaken when a child dies (including death by suspected suicide), by a local authority (and more often than not by the Local Children’s Safeguarding Board) if abuse or neglect is known or suspected to be a factor in the death. We will write a custom essay sample on Serious Case Reviews in Childcare Sector or any similar topic only for you Order Now SCR’s are not enquiries into how a child died or who was responsible; that is a matter for the Coroner’s and Criminal Courts to determine. Instead the purpose of Serious Case Reviews is to: †¢ Establish whether there are lessons to be learned from the case about the way in which local professionals and organisations work together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. †¢ Identify clearly what those lessons are, how they will be acted on and what is expected to change as a result. †¢ Improve inter-agency working and better safeguard and promote the welfare of children. Additionally, LSCB’s may decide to conduct a SCR whenever a child has been seriously harmed in any of the following situations and the case gives rise to concerns about the way in which local professionals and services worked together to safeguard and promote the welfare of children (including inter-agency and inter-disciplinary working). The two most popular deaths in recent years to be highlighted by the media which highlighted public concern about safeguarding concerns within the children are undoubtedly the deaths of Victoria Climbie and Peter Connelly (Baby P). In both of these cases there was public outrage, especially at the magnitude of Peter’s injuries, and partly because Peter had lived in the London Borough of Haringey, North London, under the same child care authorities that had already failed ten years earlier in the case of Victoria Climbie. Her tragic circumstances had led to a public enquiry which resulted in measures being put in place in an effort to prevent similar cases happening. The child protection services of Haringey and other agencies were widely criticised following Baby P’s death. Following the conviction, three inquiries and a nationwide review of social service care were launched, and the Head of Children’s Services at Haringey removed from post. Another nationwide review was conducted by Lord Laming into his own recommendations concerning Victoria Climbie’s killing in 2000. The death was also the subject of debate in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The public’s viewpoint on the tragedy of Baby P was that it should never have happened as he was already known to social services and was seen as many as sixty times by social services, but still died horrifically at the hands of his carers. All of these incidents have resulted in a distinct lack of confidence in the work that social workers do and the children’s sector overall, and it will take a long time to rebuild that trust. The Baby P case in particular has damaged social work’s public image, led to fewer people entering the profession and made it harder to retain experienced staff. It is certainly the case that social work has a rather poor public image and that it seemingly can do no right whatever it does. At times, the profession is castigated for putting children at risk by failing to intervene early enough into family life, whilst on other occasions it is criticised for undermining parental authority by interfering too readily. Partnership working increased and tightened after the death of Victoria Climbie and included the implementation of the Children Act 2004 and the public enquiry into the circumstances surrounding her death. The inquiry, chaired by Lord Laming, found massive failings on the part of as many as twelve agencies with a role to play in protecting children. The findings led to recommendations for a radical reform of services, particularly in the areas of better joined up working and information sharing. Following this, several programmes and frameworks were later implemented into all establishments that worked with children, and these included â€Å"Every Child Matters† services, planned around children’s and young people’s needs and the improvement of the five key outcomes which contribute to their well-being: be healthy, stay safe, enjoy achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being. There was also the implementation of the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) system which enables multi agencies to access and add information about a child’s needs. The CAF is used at the earliest opportunity when it is highlighted that a baby, child or young person may need help in their lives in order to progress. It is used when there is concern about a child, or agencies have recognised a child has additional needs, that require further exploration and a multi-agency response. The assessment provides further information and understanding of the child’s circumstances. Another more recently publicised incident, included the review into â€Å"Little Teds† nursery whereby a member of staff, Vanessa George abused toddlers at the nursery, photographed it and publicised it on the internet, showed a lack of staff supervision and training within the setting, which again caused public outrage. The serious case review for this incident report detailed a number of lessons learned, which included the danger of mobile phones within day care settings. As a result locally the use of mobile phones is now prohibited in any children’s centre within the Wakefield district, however it is recognised that this alone will not prevent abuse or transmission of images on the internet from taking place. Other lessons learned is that staff at Little Ted’s Nursery did not recognise the escalation of George’s sexualised behaviour as a warning sign and there is an urgent need for staff working in early years settings to receive training to help recognise potential signs of abuse and become confident in responding to a fellow staff member’s behaviour. As a result, training on â€Å"whistle blowing† and the need for policies and procedures to be in place has become a more urgent need in the childcare sector. Other recommendations set out by the Little Teds SCR include the need for The Early Years Foundation Stage to set out specific requirements for child protection training which considers sexual abuse and the recognition of abuse within the workplace; also the need for the Government to review and consider changing the status of day care settings operating as unincorporated bodies to ensure that governance and accountability arrangements are fit for purpose and are sufficiently clear to enable parents and professionals to raise concerns and challenge poor practice. How to cite Serious Case Reviews in Childcare Sector, Essay examples

International Economic Environment Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the International Economic Environment. Answer: Introduction: The 21st century is the era of globalization, it has been observed that countries are indulging in international business in order to achieve mutual sustainable growth (Donato and Massey 2016). The last two decades have shown50% growth in international trade as compared to the trade situation of the nineteen eighties (Dunford et al. 2016). In recent challenging times, countries found that international trade is an effective way to deal with the recession and thus they are now involved in a reciprocal partnership which allows foreign firms to operate in their region. However, according to Wild, Wild and Han (2014), enhanced international business has caused severe risks to the international business houses. This brief paper will examine details regarding the various features and risks for the business organizations operating in the international environment. In addition to this, it will provide various implications for practice and conclude with a summary overview of the findings. Features of the international economic environment related to business: The economic environment represents external factors related to a business market. This concept also indicates a broader economy that can influence a business. The microeconomic environment, a part of the total economic environment, can influence the decision-making process of a business. This could be individual actions of firms along with consumers (Camagni 2017). On the other side, macroeconomic environment can influence entire business economy along with its entire participants. Some economic factors perform as external constraints on the business. However, the owner has very negligible access on them. Macroeconomic factors are considered as broad economic factors that have both direct and indirect impact on the entire economy and the business (Hamilton and Webster 2015). These factors are interest rates, inflation, taxes, unemployment rate, income of consumer and consumer confidence levels. Some other factors are recession, depression and savings rates. On other side, microecono mic factors include market size, supply and demand, competitors and suppliers. Based on these factors, a business organization takes business decisions accordingly. This international economy plays the chief role to determine success and failure of a business. In addition to this, type of international trade also plays significant role. This means, a country can trade with others based on absolute advantage or comparative advantage. For instance, Australia exports agricultural foods as it experiences comparative advantage to produce this. Moreover, government policies and trade agreement also have vital implication on a countrys economy. Free trade agreement among some countries can lead companies to exports and imports more goods and services without any legal restrictions. Exchange rate fluctuation between two countries also stimulates business. For instance, decrease in exchange rate can lead the country to exports more. Balance of payment, on the other side, states that how much an economy can purchase products from other countries. If the balance remains in deficit, then the country cannot import more products. Assess the implications for business operating in the international economic environment: Implications of international economic environment for business are vast. However, to provide context it is necessary to mention that international economic environment provides organizations opportunity to grow beyond their domestic boundary. In addition to this, it promotes diversification and aids economic uplift. Picciotto (2017) argues that such an environment provides power to the monetary policies of foreign countries which allows more control of the trade flow by maintaining balance in the output and price objectives. From the business houses perspective, it can be stated that the international economic environment aids firms to generate a higher amount of profit and create scope for increased employment for the economy. It enhances living standards in addition to improving mass consumption as stated by Rostow (Shenkar, Luo, and Chi 2014). Economic environment means the aggregate o all economic system within a country. These include economic policies of the government as well as organization related to capital market, business cycle and other socio-economic infrastructure across the world. Government policies of other countries have significant influence on the activity of an organization, as this can influence its international business. In addition to this, the rate of central bank also plays vital role to determine foreign direct investment that a country could receive from others (Kolk 2016). The per capita income also has huge significance on business sector as it can change consumer behavior accordingly. Higher per capita income of a country implies that the aggregate demand over there is comparatively high. Some other factors are dumping, transport charges, privatization policies and other factors that can control business activities of an organization significantly in international market. International busines s can help less developed countries to improve its economic condition through exporting goods and services. Through using purchasing power parities, the economy can measure its income with other country. International risk assessment companies follow a systematic way to assess bribery risks and control it through implementing anti-bribery laws. There are many companies to deal with this. Assess the risks involved for business organizations in operating in the international economic environment. International trade increases on a daily basis in order to achieve mutually sustainable growth. However, due to the difference in various factors such as culture, economy and politics to name but a few, international business operation has become a complex scenario. Details regarding various risks associated with an organization under international economic environment are as follows: Economic difference: Regardless of the organization, risk is ever present in business. Depending upon the region one is operating in, the risk fluctuates accordingly. Economic deference helps developed countries to enjoy comparative advantage in terms of trade and exchange rate while developing countries do not enjoy such advantage. Therefore, economic differences sometimes lead developing countries to experience risks related to business. Cultural difference: Cultural difference is essential risk factor to be considered. Depending upon geographical region, cultures vary significantly and can present a new set of complexities to an organization. If the product or service is carefully aligned with the cultural values of the locals, then it will be beneficial for the firm otherwise, the effects of misalignment can be detrimental resulting in irreparable reputational damage. Thus, cross cultural environment can negatively influence working environment. Political difference: Political factors represent significant risk for organizations as operating in foreign marketplaces exposing a firm to a plethora of foreign policy and regulation which can be difficult to navigate. Often large firms operating in foreign nations face legal issues whicharise in the form of political turmoil. In addition to this political risk like war, riots, strikes and evolving political decisions can provide substantial amount of risk to the business operation (O'Brien, 2018). Conversely, in some cases, close connection with political groups has considerably aided the international organization to curtail the legal environment on behalf of the international players. Trading law difference: Increased internationalization presents another perspective, developing countries have faced discrimination from the developed nations, thus various countries operate under different rules to control the international trade. On account of this scenario, it has become difficult for the international business houses to deal with the complex trade laws implemented by the multiple regions (Picciotto and Mayne 2016). Marketing infrastructure difference: Representing the ultimate risk for international businesses., marketing infrastructure differences are a key consideration for firms. Having entered the market, and managed to align itself with the local laws and environmental laws, an organization can fail in its aim if there are no customers to whom the firm can sell. Presence of substitute product and monopoly market will possess high risk for the international business(Mathai, 2018). In addition, if the market is monopoly in nature, then it will not allow new firms to enter into the market that has high potential to grow. Recommend, with justifications, actions a business organization can take to minimize the risks of operating in an international economic environment. As previously outlined, there are multiple issues which pose a certain amount of risk to the business organization. However, there are also counter strategies, which can assist organizations to operate effectively under international economic environment. The above mentioned risks can adversely affect any business organization to conduct its international business freely. Thus, to omit economic, cultural, political and other differences, the company needs to proper recommendations. Recommendations for the business organization to gauge the probable risks are as follows: Opportunities for enhanced returns, lower costs and benefits from divarication are some of the main reasons leading to risk for the international business. Those mitigating the diversity while bringing in parity among the different regions can be beneficial. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) model can be tried in order to have better long-term risk mitigation. Influencing the governments to make central banks independent in order to promote better inflow of capital in the form of international business. Enhancing government expenditure through raising the tax bracket can aid the economy to provide much needed boost as well as allowingforeign firms to operate in the country thus creating mutually beneficial conditions for the firm as well as domestic government. Conclusion: From the above analysis it can be determined thatinternational economic environment is becoming increasingly complex. One main concern arising from the analysis is thatthere is a rising risk quotient for international firms which could lead the economy toward vulnerability. This brief paper has examined various features and risks for business organizationsoperating in the international environment and identified potential counter strategies from an outside viewpoint. Present complex scenarios within the international market are vast and the risks and threats presented to organizational success factors are far-reaching. In summary, the economic environment in which an organization can optimize its opportunity for success, depends upon how cohesively they incorporate the recommendations discussed into the strategy and align itself with the required criteria set out by each country in which they intend to operate. References: Camagni, R., 2017. Regional competitiveness: towards a concept of territorial capital. InSeminal Studies in Regional and Urban Economics(pp. 115-131). Springer, Cham. Donato, K.M. and Massey, D.S., 2016. Twenty-first-century globalization and illegal migration.The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,666(1), pp.7-26. Dunford, M., Dunford, R., Barbu, M. and Liu, W., 2016. Globalisation, cost competitiveness and international trade: The evolution of the Italian textile and clothing industries and the growth of trade with China.European Urban and Regional Studies,23(2), pp.111-135. Hamilton, L. and Webster, P., 2015.The international business environment. Oxford University Press, USA. Kolk, A., 2016. The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.Journal of World Business,51(1), pp.23-34. Mathai, K. (2018).Finance Development. [online] Finance Development | FD. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/monpol.htm [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018].. O'Brien (2018).Dan O'Brien (@danobrien20) | Twitter. [online] Twitter.com. Available at: https://twitter.com/@danobrien20 [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018]. Picciotto, S. and Mayne, R. eds., 2016.Regulating international business: beyond liberalization. Springer. Picciotto, S., 2017. Rights, responsibilities and regulation of international business. InGlobalization and International Investment(pp. 177-198). Routledge. Shenkar, O., Luo, Y. and Chi, T., 2014.International business. Routledge. Wild, J.J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C., 2014.International business. Pearson Education Limited.