Cell Phones are a Necessity of Life Essay

Cell phones are not an advanced gadget on the scene. It was developed in 1947 in the form of a car mobile phone. The hypothesis of cellular phone was produced by Bell Laboratories with the permission of FCC (Federal Communication Commission), and had everything to do with broadcasting and sending a radio or television message out over the airwaves. There was a scientist who gave a advanced shape to the same accessory. Dr Martin Cooper, a former general manager in Motorola, made the basic call on a portable cell phone in nineteen seventy-three. The premier ever cell phone was very ample and bulky. It resembled a radio frequency accessory. The weight of Motorola’s introductory cell phone was 2 pounds. Presently, the structure of cell phones has evolved to match the style and comfort of the user. It is uncomplicated to tailor cell phones by choosing its features and functions for one’s comfort. There are phone covers that change the face and design of the contraption. Various accessories are available such as car chargers, belt clips, phone covers, data cables and etc. Cell phones emerged as a apparatus of luxury, but presently it plays a much bigger and considerable role. One can gather wireless Internet service through your cell phone, with web and email capability. A cell phone with a mini web browser can relief retrieve web emails and chat while you are on the move. A extraordinary kind of browser is used for surfing the net on a small cell phone screen. If internet use is a must, make sure that when buying a cell phone you make the choice for graphic browser capability instead of a text-based browser. In addition, if you think you will browse the wireless Internet often, you may desire to consider buying a cell phone with a larger than average display size. There are International websites that allow sending mails, without having a computer. All you need is a basic GPRS enabled mobile phone and you can access your mail on your cell phone anytime and anywhere. It seems that cell phones have become a bed-side essential for us today. It is no longer a device of entertainment. From local weather forecast in the morning to your  loved ones valuable night messages, it keeps you connected all the time. With cell phones becoming a gadget with all the modern technology, its theft is growing across the world. In a survey in the UK, a cell phone is stolen every three minutes. In the United States, the statistics are very analogous. By keeping a note on the IMES identification that each phone has, you can trace a phone. This is quite the tedious process. The IMES code is individual to each cell phone and when you lose your phone, you can refer the code to your network provider as well as handset provider and trace back the cell phone, or at least block the applications in the phone. The person who stole the cell phone can’t use it after the IMES code is blocked. Cell phones have become a very popular consumer electronic product. With the availability of internet connection, cell phone as broaden even deeper its options of uses. You must also note that GPS capability is a life saver for tracking cell phone users who are in emergency situations. Cell phone usage has become a necessity of life. People cannot live without their cell phone. What was once considered a luxury item in the early days, cell phones are a must have item at every waking moment.

Scarlet Letter

Amy Sheehan Mr. Frye English 11 Honors 3 February 2012 Clever Title The physical and emotional strain resulting from sex out of wedlock seems to be an almost unbearable burden. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne, and her daughter Pearl deal with the emotional abuse from her townspeople because of an affair with Dimmesdale. All of the harassment takes place in a small town in Boston, Massachusetts. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, the reoccurring image of a circle/sphere probes the thought that humanity is following a cycle of cruelty that has never been broken.The use of actual objects to distinguish the pattern of isolation reoccurs often. Isolation plays a key factor in The Scarlet Letter, usually being hinted at with assistance from the image of a circle or sphere. In some instances, the cycle of isolation appears in nature: â€Å"Did the sun, which shone so brightly everywhere else, really fall upon him? Or, was there, as it rather seemed, a circle of ominous shadow moving along with his deformity, whichever way he turned himself. † (172). The sunlight refuses to fall directly on Chillingworth because of his impure body structure.The shadow casting off of him foreshadows the death he will later face. Nature isolates Chillingworth because he seems to be dark creature. Hawthorne does not just use circles and spheres in nature, he also uses them through Hester’s other possessions. Pear also plays a part in the reoccurring isolation symbol. â€Å"But she names the infant ‘Pearl† (85). In the beginning, Hester was isolated because of her sin. As the book goes on, she realizes that society continues to exclude not only her, but her daughter as well. A pearl represents a small spherical object grown in the comfort of an oyster’s mouth.In essence that is exactly what Pearl is. The only life she has known is one of complete distance from the rest of society. If someone shows her kindness, or a cceptance, she would not know how to react. She’s been raised to think isolation is normal. Her mother on the other hand will never quite get used to the harsh reality of what she’s done; â€Å"While Hester stood in that magic circle of ignominy where the cunning cruelty of her sentence seem to have fixed her forever† (242). The amazing ability of the townspeople to shun a completely innocent woman is the pattern of humanity.Mankind has always been unbelievably cruel to the people who least deserve it. Hester’s humility and strength is show constantly throughout the book. The invariable essence of cruelty is, and always has been, a big part of society. Not only are objects used to portray isolation, people are also used. With every mention of a circle/sphere, the patterns of isolation continue to show up. â€Å"They now felt themselves, at least, inhabitants of the same sphere† (186). Hawthorne uses the relationship between Hester and Dimmesdale to prove the point of the cruel unfair ways of humanity.The well liked man gets away with absolutely no judgment, while the lower class woman gets all the hatred and punishment. While these two people are so diversely seen in society, they formed a completely flawless creation that gets torn apart by the isolation of the town; â€Å"Pearl looked as beautiful as the day, but was in one of those moods of perverse merriment which, whenever they occurred, seemed to remove her entirely out of the sphere of sympathy or human contact† (130). Pearl has entered her own circle of dependency. She depends on her mom and herself.Society has shut her out completely, just because she’s associated with Hester. Which makes one think; how would this child be looked at if she were to be associated with her father, Dimmesdale. With Pearl having a father as a saint, and a mother as a sinner, gave Pearl a very narrow chance of ridding this pattern of isolation. Although society didn’t bear down on Dimmesdale, his guilty conscience is what got to him. â€Å"The very contiguity of his enemy, beneath whatever mask the latter might conceal himself, was enough to disturb the magnetic sphere of a being so sensitive as Arthur Dimmesdale† (189).The cruel patterns of humanity don’t always come from other people. Ones worst enemy is one’s self. His cruel ways of emotionally and physically tormenting himself were just another isolation tactic. He isolated himself from everyone emotionally because he felt as if the secret was bearing down on his soul. No matter whom you are, or how ‘godly’ you are, you will always fall a victim to the cruel ways of humanity. The main person being singled out by the people is Hester Prynne. Her ability to bounce back and still have a love for the people who have been ridiculing her for 7 years is unbelievable.Although her humility is great, the cycle of isolation will not be broken; â€Å"As was usually the case wherever Hester stood, a small vacant area- a sort of magic circle- had formed itself about her† (230) Her reputation alone gives her this kind of innate ability to after awhile isolate herself. In some parts of the book Hester even tries to isolate herself, from herself; â€Å"She had flirted fancifully with her own image in a pool of water, beckoning the phantom forth, and –as it declined to venture- seeking a passage for herself into its sphere of impalpable earth and unattainable sky† (173).The only thing keeping her back from complete and total freedom is her mindset. Her mind is so isolated from most other people that it would just be hard for her to even think about being part of a crowd again. The only thing keeping her somewhat part of a society greater than herself is her daughter. â€Å"The light lingered about the lonely child, as if glad of such a playmate, until her mother had drawn almost high enough to step into the magic circle too† ( 180). These two are isolated together. They depend on each other yet lead completely different lives.Society bonded them together in isolation, yet in their own little circles, they isolate themselves from each other. The cycle of isolation with humanity has never before been broken. Although it may appear to be an easy pattern to break, there is always someone or some kind of possession that will be thrown to the side and isolated from the rest of society. The patterns occur in this book through objects, people, and Hester. Don’t underestimate the power of isolation, it can make you do things you would never dream of doing. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York, NY: Tom Doherty Associates, 1989. Print Scarlet Letter In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter the story takes place in Puritanical America where the young Hester Prynne, after committing adultery is punished on the basis of what the town thinks is right. She is simultaneously a part of the town and is also pushed away from it. Hawthorne explores the theme of liminality between society and nature through the motif of setting to convey the isolation that comes with sin. The scaffold (where Hester stands to face her consequences), Hester and Pearl’s cottage, and the brook are all examples of setting that all contain elements of liminality in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†.Hester stands on the scaffold during the day to fulfill the consequences of her sin. She brings Pearl with her as she is the product of the sin. While the town has knowledge of what she has done they are still unaware of who took part in this crime with her. â€Å"They stood in the noon of that strange and solemn splendor, as if it were the light that is to reveal all secrets and the daybreak that shall unite all who belong to one another. † (135). â€Å"They† is referring to Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale; the town’s minister who, the reader now knows, fathered young Pearl.The light and dark imagery indicates the liminal state between the three of them and the rest of the town, â€Å"The light that is to reveal all secrets. † The scaffold also shows a liminal state between Hester and Dimmesdale, â€Å"†¦ and little Pearl, herself a symbol, and the connecting link between those two. † (135) When the three of them are on the scaffold together it shows the unity between them, but also a side that shows they are not fully united with one another. â€Å"All the dread of public exposure, that had so long been the anguish of his life, had returned upon him. (134). The passage â€Å"dread of public exposure† represents the guilt and fear Dimmesdale has about revealing the secret in his sin. This is what shows the liminal state between Hester and Dimmesdale; they sinned together, however only one of them will publically take responsibility for this action. This indicates that while there is a clear connection between the two of them (Pearl) the â€Å"dread of public exposure† creates a distance between them. Hester and Pearl are also, as another consequence, forced to live in a ottage on the edge of the town, isolated from the rest of society. This plays as a symbolic representation of liminality because the two of them are stuck in the area between lawful society and lawless nature. â€Å"It straggled onward into the mystery of the primeval forest. This hemmed it in so narrowly, and stood so black and dense on either side, and disclosed such imperfect glimpses of the sky above, that, to Hester's mind, it imaged not amiss the moral wilderness in which she had so long been wandering. It is said that Hester is recognizing her â€Å"moral wilderness† which further explains how she is not a real part of the Puritanical town but she is â€Å"wandering† within the in-between area of lawful society and lawless nature. Near the end of the story; Hester, Dimmesdale, and Pearl all stand together at the brook. Dimmesdale and Hester have just decided to move to Europe and finally be together where no will know of their previous sinful actions. Pearl stands on one side on the brook by herself, solemnly watching Hester and Dimmesdale who are on the opposite side. This brook is the boundary between two worlds, and that thou canst never meet thy Pearl again† (182). As Hester and Dimmesdale are together there is a clear liminal state between the two of them and Pearl, the words â€Å"boundary between two worlds† indicates the increasing distance created. Hester and Dimmesdale talk about being absolved and rid of the sin â€Å"Be the foregone evil what it might, how could they doubt that their earthly lives and future destinies were conjoined† (180). If Hester and Dimmesdale are rid of their sin, then they will be pushing Pearl away with it, because she is the physical symbol of the sin.In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter the story takes place in Puritanical America where the young Hester Prynne, after committing adultery is punished on the basis of what the town thinks is right. Hawthorne explores the theme of liminality between society and nature through the motif of setting to convey the isolation that comes with sin. Liminality is shown through settings such as the scaffold, the cottage, and the brook. All places that created a drawing distance between Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale. In the end, all of the three are lost in the â€Å"middle area† between lawful society and the lawless world of nature. Scarlet Letter In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter the story takes place in Puritanical America where the young Hester Prynne, after committing adultery is punished on the basis of what the town thinks is right. She is simultaneously a part of the town and is also pushed away from it. Hawthorne explores the theme of liminality between society and nature through the motif of setting to convey the isolation that comes with sin. The scaffold (where Hester stands to face her consequences), Hester and Pearl’s cottage, and the brook are all examples of setting that all contain elements of liminality in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†.Hester stands on the scaffold during the day to fulfill the consequences of her sin. She brings Pearl with her as she is the product of the sin. While the town has knowledge of what she has done they are still unaware of who took part in this crime with her. â€Å"They stood in the noon of that strange and solemn splendor, as if it were the light that is to reveal all secrets and the daybreak that shall unite all who belong to one another. † (135). â€Å"They† is referring to Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale; the town’s minister who, the reader now knows, fathered young Pearl.The light and dark imagery indicates the liminal state between the three of them and the rest of the town, â€Å"The light that is to reveal all secrets. † The scaffold also shows a liminal state between Hester and Dimmesdale, â€Å"†¦ and little Pearl, herself a symbol, and the connecting link between those two. † (135) When the three of them are on the scaffold together it shows the unity between them, but also a side that shows they are not fully united with one another. â€Å"All the dread of public exposure, that had so long been the anguish of his life, had returned upon him. (134). The passage â€Å"dread of public exposure† represents the guilt and fear Dimmesdale has about revealing the secret in his sin. This is what shows the liminal state between Hester and Dimmesdale; they sinned together, however only one of them will publically take responsibility for this action. This indicates that while there is a clear connection between the two of them (Pearl) the â€Å"dread of public exposure† creates a distance between them. Hester and Pearl are also, as another consequence, forced to live in a ottage on the edge of the town, isolated from the rest of society. This plays as a symbolic representation of liminality because the two of them are stuck in the area between lawful society and lawless nature. â€Å"It straggled onward into the mystery of the primeval forest. This hemmed it in so narrowly, and stood so black and dense on either side, and disclosed such imperfect glimpses of the sky above, that, to Hester's mind, it imaged not amiss the moral wilderness in which she had so long been wandering. It is said that Hester is recognizing her â€Å"moral wilderness† which further explains how she is not a real part of the Puritanical town but she is â€Å"wandering† within the in-between area of lawful society and lawless nature. Near the end of the story; Hester, Dimmesdale, and Pearl all stand together at the brook. Dimmesdale and Hester have just decided to move to Europe and finally be together where no will know of their previous sinful actions. Pearl stands on one side on the brook by herself, solemnly watching Hester and Dimmesdale who are on the opposite side. This brook is the boundary between two worlds, and that thou canst never meet thy Pearl again† (182). As Hester and Dimmesdale are together there is a clear liminal state between the two of them and Pearl, the words â€Å"boundary between two worlds† indicates the increasing distance created. Hester and Dimmesdale talk about being absolved and rid of the sin â€Å"Be the foregone evil what it might, how could they doubt that their earthly lives and future destinies were conjoined† (180). If Hester and Dimmesdale are rid of their sin, then they will be pushing Pearl away with it, because she is the physical symbol of the sin.In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter the story takes place in Puritanical America where the young Hester Prynne, after committing adultery is punished on the basis of what the town thinks is right. Hawthorne explores the theme of liminality between society and nature through the motif of setting to convey the isolation that comes with sin. Liminality is shown through settings such as the scaffold, the cottage, and the brook. All places that created a drawing distance between Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale. In the end, all of the three are lost in the â€Å"middle area† between lawful society and the lawless world of nature.

Crimes Against Humanity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crimes Against Humanity - Essay Example that this term first appeared in the preamble of the 1907 Hague Convention, the meaning of this term have evolved to take on a much broader meaning to include â€Å"anything atrocious committed on a large scale.†1 Killing is morally evil and wars bring so many deaths that even though â€Å"decisions relating to war are not made in a moral vacuum†2 one can never claim that the death of innocent people are but the collateral damages of war. As the term â€Å"crimes against humanity† has become so broad that it encompasses just all other types of violence against certain groups of people, sector or race, it would help us to understand it better by looking into some specific events that resulted into the loss of thousands human lives. There have been many events in the past, which involves great loss of human lives, but nothing could ever surpass the holocaust. In the generic sense of the word, a holocaust is any event where there is great loss of human life as is near total destruction by fire. However, the meaning of this word somewhat changed with the event that led to the death of some 11 million people. The holocaust is one of the best examples of â€Å"crimes against humanity†. Between 1933-1945, around 6 million Jews and 5 million non-Jewish people were systematically killed when the Nazi and its supporter ruled the most part of Europe3. Although most of Hitler’s target was the Jews, there are also other people who suffered and died on the process under the brutality of the military, the government officials and the leaders of the Nazi. Technically, the holocaust started when the Nazi in Germany opened the first concentration camp sometime in January 19334. At first, these camps were used as the holding place for political prisoners but eventually evolved over time until in 1939, it became the place of horror where people were tortured and killed. Prisoners were classified in the concentration camps. Those who are healthy and strong were subjected to forced

International Insurance law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International Insurance law - Essay Example The specific principle has been related mostly to the insurance law. The introduction of the above principle was considered as a measure for increasing the validity of marine contracts, a target that has been achieved but not fully. The examination of the principles’ aspects led to the assumption that the specific principle has led to the introduction of a series of rules; these rules are critically presented in this paper; appropriate literature and case law have been used in order so show the actual characteristics of the principle of good faith and its implications for the marine insurance contracts, to which the principle of utmost good faith is mostly related. It is concluded that the principle of utmost good faith has played a key role in the increase of validity of marine insurance contracts, at least for the side of insured. The weakness of the principle to provide a clear plan of action when a violation has occurred in regard to one or more terms of the contract invol ved is clear. The efforts that the Law Commission developed recently in regard to the protection of consumers in the particular field, could help to control the violations in marine insurance contracts – which are critical for the entire market – and to improve the performance of the principle of utmost good faith, as an element of the relevant agreements. 2. Utmost good faith in the English law 2.1 The context of the principle of utmost good faith The principle of utmost good faith has been derived from the principle of good faith – a common element of contracts. For this reason, in order to understand the elements and the rules of the principle of utmost good faith it would be necessary to refer primarily to the framework of the principle of good faith – as used in the common law. The principle of good faith can be characterized as an indispensable element of contracts. The above principle has been recognized as a valuable criterion for deciding on the validity of a contract – especially in cases where the intention of the parties involved is not easily identified.1 In the Scots law, the principle of good faith, or else the ‘bonae fidei’ is a prerequisite for all contracts,2 even if opposite views have been periodically developed.3 Theorists and researchers have used similar approaches in order to describe good faith. In accordance with the most common view, the good faith can be characterized as ‘acting on the assumption of honest dealing’4. The principle of good faith is not accepted as a general principle; it is rather used in specific types of contracts, like ‘the insurance and employment contracts’;5 Conflicts have been often developed regarding the potential value of the principle of good faith for contracts. In Scotland, the most recent trends, lead to the limitation of the necessity of good faith for contracts; however, there are opposite views supporting the value of good fait h in contracts. The supporters of good faith in Scotland refer to the need for continuation of civilian traditions, as an argument for promoting the use of good faith in contracts.6 It should be noted that the principle of good faith is not strongly supported in the context of the common law; on the contrary, in the civil law, emphasis is given on the use of the principle

Answer these questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer these questions - Essay Example Indeed he not only wanted to impose Nazism on Germans, but he wanted to impose on all Europeans and perhaps even on everyone in the world. He believed everything he did was right and everyone should agree with him. 27. Hitler believed that all Jews were different than Germans. He wanted Germans to fit into the Aryan ideal and to be blue-eyed and blonde-haired. He desired a people that did not look at all Semitic. To Hitler, Jews could be detected by their appearance. This was another example of his anti-Semitism which led to the Holocaust. 3. Hitler definitely thought that young people should indoctrinated early on. He wanted all German students to worship him and agree with everything he said. That is why he created the Hitler Youth. Truth was whatever he said it was. 12. Hitler was a war leader because he chose to start wars everywhere in Europe. He was deluded if he thought that other people were starting wars against him. His surprise attack on the Soviet Union is a good example of this. Every time he made an agreement with someone he broke it. He was a war leader by choice. 21. In the warped way that he looked at the world, Hitler probably believed he was humane. He thought it was nice to kill people because he was doing it for a larger reason—the betterment of humankind. He had probably convinced himself that he was humane and good while at the same time committing evil acts. He was certainly

Humanities Ethics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Humanities Ethics - Coursework Example This statement fits with Hospers larger arguments on the rights that all persons have including the right to life, liberty, and property. He suggests that even the government cannot infringe on these rights but rather should protect them. In particular, Hospers suggests that governments are prone to violating citizens’ property rights. Question 2: Discuss the legal and moral implications of outlawing the use of drugs that seem not to harm others. Compare this to other laws, e.g., requiring even a lone driver to wear a seatbelt. Excessive drug use in society remains one of the most challenging issues to governments. In addition, prohibiting drug use particularly of those that do not harm others presents legal implications. It is notable that the less a drug is harmless the fewer the legal legislations designed to tame their use. However, outlawing the use of harmless drugs presents legal scenarios such as inability to enforce such legal frameworks. Furthermore, the prohibition of such drugs presents moral implications in that the society will eventually use the medication under cover. Central to the efforts to tame drug use is the notion of society and pubic protection from harm. The laws requiring lone drivers also emerged because of the need to protect the public. Question 3: Some First Amendment free-speech advocates say that cyberporn cannot be restricted. The Supreme Court unanimously agreed (Reno v. ACLU 1997), making it the responsibility of Internet users to protect themselves and their children from obscene or indecent material. Defend, logically and specifically, the rationale for one or the other position. Cyberporn is a challenging phenomenon to the society because of its potential dangers and I oppose the views of the First Amendment free speech advocates because the vice can be restricted. The Supreme Court tasking the public with the responsibility of protecting themselves appears as the most neutral and workable solution. The internet user s are in a position of employing certain technological or programming steps protect users from accessing such content while in the internet. This is a workable solution and the United Nations and major organizations have implemented such initiatives to bar people from accessing pornographic content. Question 4: State J. S. Mill’s harm principle, critiquing it in light of Lynn’s reasoning that â€Å"we should punish harmful behavior, not harmful thoughts.† Szasz (a la Mill) further says, â€Å"The individual is sovereign,† and has the right to use drugs even if they harm him/her. Wilson disagrees. For the 25 million U.S. cocaine users, is drug use just a private/civil rights issue? Is it harmful to others? Give a studied explanation of your response. Individuals have rights and they must be left alone to enjoy those rights including the liberty to choose the life they want to live. However, in the context of drug use, these individuals observe that the leg al instruments that seek to outlaw and curb users infringe their private and civil rights. Drugs are highly harmful to other people especially passive users. The effects of drugs on the social functioning cannot be overemphasized. Drug use is harmful to others in the sense that people who do not use the drugs suffer a great deal because of their relationship with consumers. Question 5: Singer introduces two moral principles, the second of which has a strong version and a

POLS 102 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

POLS 102 - Essay Example The federal states have the authority to enforce regulations such as laws regarding minimum wages, discrimination in employment, religious freedom act, disability act, and violence against women (Otis & Scheb, 2011). However, since 1995, the Supreme Court has limited the reach of numerous federal laws and regulations passed by the congress thus curtailing their power to make unilateral decisions about the federal states. This controversy has brought struggle between state and federal interests. It has generated new legal challenges to federal regulatory statutes. Rights and liberties protection for human kind has been the primary role for the institutions such the courts. The Supreme Court has come in handy to provide guidelines on how provision of rights and liberties has been spelt out in the constitution regardless of laws governing different federal states. The constitution limits the government interference in civil liberties including federal courts. There have been a series of constitutional conflicts arising through policies created by the existing administration such as rights for detainees, rights of abortion, and disability rights, which have been forwarded with a political alignment contradicting the normal standards outlined by the bill of rights (Otis & Scheb, 2011). Despite of political pressure, several federal states have come out strongly to limit certain civil rights passed by Supreme Court such as gay marriages, rights for detainees, the controversial abortion rights; they have regarded them as socially unacceptable and u nnatural (Otis & Scheb, 2011). In conclusion, the Supreme Court has come out as the guardian to the constitution raising conflicts as it tries to limit the effectiveness o policies created by federal states, the congress, federal courts. This controversy raises serious questions on the jurisdiction of supreme courts’ powers over federal

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Report - Essay Example The high level of mechanization at the plant is evidence that the plant produces vehicles in large numbers. The sell of this vehicles make them firm play a major role in the global economy. The firm also employs a large labor force which contributes to the global economy. In reference to its cleanliness, the plant is very sparkling clean and everything is put in place so as to enhance the work inside the company. Mistake cannot be tolerated since accidents are bound to happen which may prove to be very fatal. The company does not build similar plants in the United States. The question to this would be why this plant located in Brazil other than the U.S and the answer would be that the plant is generally more automated than those compared to the U.S, they are flexible than any other plant. The main unique factor about the company’s relation and location to suppliers would be that of bankruptcy. Visteon which was part of the unit of the Ford group used to be second in world supply. The company has a diverse range of suppliers who supply a range of services and goods. It has programs on diversity of suppliers so as to achieve its ultimate success. In reference to time and technique, the company was designed so as to avoid time wastage and hence duplicate the work output by the workers. This was very helpful and it made the company grow. Ford has a no definite number of suppliers reason being that the suppliers are diverse and also wide spread. In refrence to Visteaon 2009 revenue, the company in 2004 had a sale of about $18.7 and 70,000 employees. In the year 2009 it was delisted from the stock exchange after it’s the companies shares had dropped significantly. $1.2 billion in profits were made in the year 2010 by the supplier group. Ford was sold some assemblies and components. The first is ford wheel hub assembly. The second is the Atlanta assembly. Finally is the explorer black light assembly.

Rise and Decline of the Witchhunts Essay Example for Free

Rise and Decline of the Witchhunts Essay The Reformation era was a time of great change in Early Modern Europe. Sixteenth and seventeenth century Europeans were attempting to make sense of the frightening events that were happening, such as the Black Death and famine. To find meaning in a world that seemed in constant chaos, early modern Europeans looked to find patterns that would set things right. â€Å"The Reformation would not have happened if ordinary people had not convinced themselves that they were actors in a cosmic drama plotted by God: that in the Bible he had left them a record of his plans and directions as to how to carry them out. † The Reformations brought a new direction of faith, where one had to be more active in one’s own salvation. They also brought a profound sense of the fear of hell, and this directed much of the actions of the reformed. The Reformations were a catalytic force in the rise of the witch hunts during sixteenth- and seventeenth- century Europe because they brought a new emphasis on the fear of the devil, a new direction of faith that required personal accountability and brought a sense of guilt to the one that felt they were not doing as they should, and did away with the familiar tokens and practices of magic that characterized an aspect of pre-Reformation, early modern European religion. The Reformations also contributed to the decline of the witch hunts as theology evolved during the time period to include an awareness of the sovereignty of God as well as Biblical literalism. The Reformations contributed to the development of the witch hunts in several ways, the first being a new emphasis on the fear of the devil. In terms of the Protestant Reformation, this was not necessarily a contradiction to former Catholic beliefs of demonology, as Catholics had an awareness of the presence of the devil. It was simply a new heightened fear of the devil and his influence in the world. â€Å"Although the great reformers did little to change traditional Catholic demonology, they did tend to emphasize the presence of the Devil in the world and exhibit a more profound fear of him.† Catholic theology incorporated the presence of the Devil, but did not adopt the concept of diabolical power. However, during the Counter-Reformation, Catholics became just as diligent in expressing this fear of the Devil. â€Å"Catholic priests often matched their Protestant colleagues in convincing their parishioners of Satan’s omnipresence and in raising their fears of him. They could also be equally effective in encouraging them to campaign ceaselessly against him.† This awareness of diabolical activity for both the Protestants and Catholics was a new phenomenon, and it was a beginning phase in the persecution of witches during the Reformation era in that witchcraft came to be viewed as the work of the Devil. Along with this new emphasis on the danger of the Devil and diabolical temptation was an emphasis on one being active in leading a morally conscious life and being responsible for one’s own salvation. â€Å"Instead of merely encouraging conformity to certain standards of religious observance (such as attending church), the reformers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries instructed the people to lead a more demanding, morally rigorous life.† Personal sanctity became the new means for one’s salvation. A side effect of the emphasis on personal piety was a deep sense of sin that people sought to relieve in any way possible. Naturally, one of the methods of relief was projection of guilt onto another person. A person regarded as a witch often took the brunt of that projection during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. â€Å"[I]n sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England, many accusations arose when individuals refused to provide economic assistance to people who needed it and who came to one’s door asking for it. In denying this aid, which both Catholic and Protestant moral teaching enjoined, the person naturally felt guilty, but by depicting the unaided person as a witch and therefore as a moral aggressor unworthy of support, he could rid himself of the guilt he was experiencing.† Projection of guilt on to the witch eliminated the responsibility of the pious person to cope with it, as the witch was seen as someone practicing morally dubious acts. The traditional blend of pagan forms of magic and religion in Europe came under attack during the Reformations, which changed the methodology of early modern Europeans. In the opinions of the reformers, this was an effort to teach people the true Christian faith and proper forms of worship. â€Å"One of the main purposes of this instruction was to purify the faith by eradicating superstitious beliefs and practices, eliminating vestiges of paganism and suppressing magic (the great rival of true religion) in all its forms.† In the minds of the reformers, anything that was not expressly from the Bible was not true. Furthermore, a belief in anything not found in what was believed to be the direct word of God, the Bible, was a sin. â€Å"Those persons who sought to use objects for purposes which nature could not justify were guilty of idolatry, superstition, and at least implicitly of soliciting the aid of the Devil.† This contributed to the witch hunts in that it took away the usual forms of protection that those who believed themselves victims of witches were accustomed to, such as using the sign of the cross or holy water, as the reforme rs considered these to be external tokens that distracted one from true communion with God. â€Å"When that happened, the victims of witchcraft could easily have been led to the conclusion that the only way to deal with witches was to take legal action against them, thus leading to an increase in the number of prosecutions.† The prosecutions of those suspected of witchcraft was a new direction for dealing with a familiar problem, brought about by the societal shifts that the Reformations brought to early modern Europe. Just as the Reformations contributed to the growth of the witch hunts, they also contributed to their decline. This can be attributed to such things as the Protestant emphasis on the sovereignty of God and Protestant Biblical literalism. The Protestant view of the sovereignty of God made the idea of the Devil’s diabolical power a heresy, as this implied that the Devil had power equal to that of God’s. â€Å"The insistence upon God’s sovereignty led a number of Protestant writers and preachers to deny the Devil’s ability to produce certain types of marvels, such as hailstorms, and this fostered a scepticism toward maleficia that involved such wonders.† To the reformers, God’s sovereignty not only meant that the Devil did not have equal power to God’s, but that he was under God’s control. â€Å"And therefore let us mark (as experience also shows) devils may work many illusions by enchantments. And truly such things are not done in the dark. For as long as we are enlightened by God, we need not fear that a man shall seem a wolf to us, or that such trishtrash shall get the upper hand of us.† This evolving theology changed the view on the diabolical power of the Devil through witches in that God’s power began to be viewed as absolute and God’s word as absolute truth. Protestant reformers’ focus on Biblical literalism contributed to the course of the witch hunts in that the Bible contained very few references to witches, and none to devil-worship. The Bible also gave evidence of the restraints that God placed on the Devil’s power. â€Å"Calvinism may have encouraged people to engage in an incessant war with Satan, but it also encouraged them eventually to define exactly what he could do and to adopt [a] purely spiritual view of him.† Therefore, the previously held belief in the diabolical power of Satan, and the fear of the Devil, were virtually eliminated. The Reformations brought great change to early modern Europe – a new direction of faith, a new sense of the fear of Hell, a new emphasis on personal responsibility for salvation, and the elimination of magic as an aspect of life. These changes drove an increase in the witch hunts as early modern Europeans sought to make sense of the changes the Reformations brought by recognizing the witch as an instrument of evil rather than a practitioner, a projection on to the witch of their own guilt for sin, and the removal of magic as a familiar token of comfort when attempting to cope with their surroundings. Likewise, as the Reformations caused an increase in the witch hunts, they added to their decline as the reformers introduced the sovereignty of God which took away the diabolical power of the Devil, and the acceptance of the Bible as a literal instruction manual where mention of witches and worship of the Devil was virtually absent. Works Cited Calvin, John. Sermon on Deuteronomy (1550). In Witchcraft in Europe 400-1700: A Documentary History, Second Edition, by Alan Charles and Peters, Edward Kors, 267. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. Levack, Brian. The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006. MacCulloch, Diarmaid. The Reformation: A History. New York: Penguin Books, 2005. Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1971. [ 1 ]. Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation: A History, (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 550. [ 2 ]. Brian P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006), 112. [ 3 ]. Ibid, 114. [ 4 ]. Ibid, 114. [ 5 ]. Ibid, 115. [ 6 ]. Ibid, 117. [ 7 ]. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1971), 256. [ 8 ]. Brian P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006), 118. [ 9 ]. Ibid, 128. [ 10 ]. John Calvin, Sermon on Deuteronomy (1555), in Witchcraft in Europe 400-1700: A Documentary History, Second Edition, ed. Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001) 267. [ 11 ]. Brian P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Third Edition (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2006), 129.

National Development Essay Example for Free

National Development Essay We are here to debate on our country and its developments.The citizens of India have the basic responsibility to think and do his best for the development of the country. In one sentence , te secret of development of india can be achieved on set up of Industries and thereby generation of Employment and value addition of Produce goods and for this infra stature of Good Roads and transportation mode has to be good enough . We need good governence in turn for the development of the nation. For a good Goverence , we need Good Government and a set of good Politicians form a good Government . As the post Politicians it self gives a sign of freedom to act politically / changing faces ., our politicians are have multi faces to manage money for SELF but NOT for the nation. We need good Governors and not Politicians . they shall be treated as Public Servents but not Social servents . A good pay for a lavish life style has to be given first , so that they earn and live at the highest level of life style , as the ae the Managers / Governors / care takers for a given area. To select these so said Governors ,there shall be a scale to measure the crediantial and mere being a Citizen of the nation. Even a Peon , whose work is to keep the office clean and place the work desk in order need basic educition , and why not a leader/ governor doesnt need !! If not education , he should have done good enough for the nation and Not on Mere records . So we have to concerntate on selection of these Leaders/ Governors.

The Caste System of India

The Caste System of India The album of the modern world is portrayed by class and caste systems, the mere reflections of social inequality in human society. Class and caste are the form of the social stratification. The division of society into classes or strata, which form a hierarchy of prestige and power, is an universal feature of social structure. In this paper mainly focus on the basic concept of caste and class of society and in Indian context the changing trend of the caste system. What is Caste: Caste is the name of an ancient social institution that has been part of Indian history and culture for thousands of years. Wikipedia states that, A caste is a combined social system of, endogamy, culture, social class, and political power. Any of the hereditary, endogamous social classes or subclasses of traditional Hindu society, stratified according to Hindu ritual purity, especially the Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudra castes. The nature and function of the caste system: The statutory commission report in 1930 stated about the nature and function of the caste in India as, Every Hindu necessarily belongs to the caste of his parents and in that caste he inevitably remains. No accumulation of wealth and no exercise of talents can alter his caste status and marriage outside his caste is prohibited or severely discouraged. Renowned scholar Paul H. Landis has remarked as, No ambitious young Indian of a lower class can ever hope to be a Brahmin. Here the class differences are strong that the lowest class, the untouchables are not allowed even to touch the garments of the highest or Brahmin class. They (untouchables) die in the hope that they will be reborn into a better class. From the various statements it becomes clear that caste continue to be an overpowering influence in the social, economical and political life of the country. The Indian village system is tied up with caste hierarchy. Origin of caste: some views Caste or more precisely varna for which the former a Portuguese synonyms, has come into wide use in comparative literature in recent years. It has been an invariable dimension of the social evolution in india during the last 3500years. During the Rigvedic period the Aryan community had started splitting into classes Brahma, Kashata and visa. It is only in one of the later hymns purushasuktha that a reference has been made to the four classes of Indian society. The names of the four classes were given in the sukta as Brahma, Rajanya, vaisya and sudra. The earlier division into these groups or section or varnas represented division of labour and division of social product. The original in habitants, portrayed as blackish people were called as Dasas by the Aryans, the invaders. These Dasas were over powered by the Aryans and when the conquered class were transformed into a service class, new relations of production came into being. The Dasas were known as the Sudras the fifth caste in the Aryan fold of the Indian society. Phules theory of the caste system was that it was created by the Aryans or Iranis Bhats or Brahmins. Before the coming of Irani Brahmins, Indian society was a casteless or classless agricultural community. The Grammarian Patanjali (Bc.200) commenting on panninis rule classified the countries of his times as Abrahmaniko Desah'(non-Brahmin countries) and vrshalak desah'(Brahmin countries). Dr. B.R. Ambedkar attempted to prove that the sudras originally constituted the solar Kshatriya caste of the vedic Aryan society, but that since the Brahmins refused to perform upanayana for them they were pushed down to the fourth caste. Definitions of caste: The word caste is derived from the Spanish word caste, meaning breed, race, strain or heredity. The Portuguese, when they came to India used the term to identify the caste divisions. In the words of Madan and Majumdar, caste is a closed group. To C.H Cooley, When a class is some what strictly hereditary, we may call it a caste. The most commonly cited defining features of caste are the following: Caste is determined by birth a child is born into the caste of its parents. Caste is never a matter of choice. One can never change ones caste, leave it, or choose not to join it, although there are instances where a person may be expelled from their caste. Membership in a caste involves strict rules about marriage. Caste groups are endogamous, i.e. marriage is restricted to members of the group. Caste membership also involves rules about food and food-sharing. What kinds of food may or may not be eaten is prescribed and who one may share food with is also specified. Caste involves a system consisting of many castes arranged in a hierarchy of rank and status. In theory, every person has a caste, and every caste has a specified place in the hierarchy of all castes. While the hierarchical position of many castes, particularly in the middle ranks, may vary from region to region, there is always a hierarchy. Castes also involve sub-divisions within themselves, i.e., castes almost always have sub-castes and sometimes sub-castes may also have sub-sub-castes. This is referred to as a segmental organisation. Castes were traditionally linked to occupations. A person born into a caste could only practice the occupation associated with that caste, so that occupations were hereditary, i.e. passed on from generation to generation. On the other hand, a particular occupation could only be pursued by the caste associated with it -members of other castes could not enter the occupation. Social structure and cultural aspects of the caste system: The nature of caste system in India can be studied as a social structural system and as a cultural system representing the unique feature of Indian cultures: Social Structural Aspects: The caste system is a hierarchy of values in terms of the concept of purity and impurity. It is organized as a characteristic hereditary division of labour. It is committed to organic coordination with the larger communities. Dumont, the French sociologist used the term homo-hierarchy meant for the minority opposition and mutual repulsion in the inter-caste relationship. There is a lot of cooperation especially in the socio-religious lines between various castes. Cultural Aspects : The cultural or symbolic system of caste has the following important things: A hierarchy of values in terms of the concept of purity and impurity. Hereditary transmission of psychological traits with in caste groups. The concepts of karma and punarjanma giving ones attitudes and ways of life. Commitment to caste occupation of caste style. Tolerance of different styles of life of other castes. What is Social Class? A social class may be defined as a stratum of people of similar position in the social status continuum. The social position of the George is not the same as that of the college president; a student will not greet them in exactly the same manner. Most of us are deferential towards those whose social position we believe to be above our and are condescending to those whom we consider socially below us. The members of a social class view one another as social equals, while holding themselves to be socially superior to some and socially inferior to others. The members of a particular social class often have about the same amount of money, but what is more important is that they have much the same attitudes, values and ways of life. Social class is a very important from a social stratification. Class system is universal phenomena. Nowadays classes are in increasing and new classes are coming into being in various parts of the world. Class system in a society in determined by economic cond itions, occupational conditions, abilities, hereditary factors, educational factors etc. Every society is gradated into various social classes and each class has its status in society. To understand more about social class one has to depend on some definitions given by social scientists. Definition of Social Class: T.H. Marshal defined by stating that A system or structure of social class involves first, a hierarchy of status groups and secondly the recognition of the superior-inferior stratification and finally some degree of permanency of the structure. In the word of Ogburn and Nimcoff, By a social class we mean one or two or more broad groups of individuals who are ranked by the members of the community in socially superior and inferior positions. To Lapiere, a social class is a culturally defined group that is accorded a particular position or status within the population as a whole. Characteristics of the Class: Social class is a very important from of social stratification in the modern times. Following are the main features of class: Hierarchy of status groups: In the class system , everyone has its own status. In other words social class is a status group. Based on their features and resources, some people occupy high status, some middle status and yet some others rest at the lowest position. In modern complex society each class feels that they belong to a specific group. Class- Consciousness: In the class system every social class develops class consciousness and the status consciousness results in psychological separation. Open system: Social class system is an open one in society. The social position of one individual is based up on the factors like his profession, personal merits, dignity and wealth. The more an individual develops his abilities so as to be useful to society better he is placed in the social hierarchy. In the class system a person can move upward or downward, depending upon his personal attainments, merits and demerits, abilities and disabilities. Objective Factors: Economic condition, profession position, education, health, race etc are objectives factors of the social class system. Class consciousness resulting from the feeling of superiority and inferiority are to the called as subjective factors. When these subjective factors integrated into the objective ones, class organization occurs. Class is not only an economic division: Karl Max and Engels have the opinion that class division and economic inequalities alone lead to class difference. According to them social classes originate only from economic conditions. But our sociologists like Mac Iver mention that economic factor is only one of the factors for the origin of class system. Class is not only an occupational division: It is wrong to consider social class is an occupational division. It is restricting the scope of the social class. The criteria of high and low, superior and inferior cannot be specifically applied to professions. Social mobility: Class system involves greater scope for social mobility. According to A. Sorokin, social mobility is of two kinds; Horizontal and Vertical. Horizontal social mobility is movement from one social status to another social status of the same level. E.g. An engineer who is working in the Ford motor company goes to general motors co. as an engineers of the same grade. Vertical social mobility is the movement upward or downward e.g. A Director moves down to the position of an Assistant Director. Social Class: Marxian View The basic frame work for the dynamic of social change was laid down by Karl Marx through his materialistic interpretation of history and theory of class struggle. Opening the first chapter of their communist manifesto, Karl Marx and Engels stated: The history of all hitherto existing society(i.e. all written history) is the history of class struggle. Marxian theory, materialistic and economically oriented, views class attitudes and class consciousness as fundamentally a reflection of economic conditions. Under the Marxian concept there are only two classes namely petty Bourgeois capitalists and the proletariats or the working class. Marxs distribution of the classes was mainly on economic basis that had comes as a subject of criticisms to sociologist like Mac Iver. Karl Marx conceived the relation between these two classes essentially based on the means of production, followed by the exploitation of the Bourgeoisie class up on the working class. Regarding classes and their relation with each other Marx has set three assumption in selected correspondence. Classes are bound up with particular historical phases in the development of production. Classes are bound to lead a struggle between two classes namely Petty Bourgeois capitalists and the working class. The class struggle between those two classes necessarily leads to the dictatorship of the proletariats by over throwing the ruling capitalist from power. Marx and Engles have described classes as economic conflict groups that are divided on the basis of the possession of the various instruments of production. Thus it is believed that an industrial society is connected with two classes- petty Bourgeoisie capitalist and proletarate workers. Before the industrial revolution there were only two classes, Landlords and the Agriculturists. Class system in India: In village India, where nearly 74 percent of the population resides, caste and class affiliations overlap. According to anthropologist Miriam Sharma, Large landholders who employ hired labour are overwhelmingly from the upper castes, while the agricultural workers themselves come from the ranks of the lowestpredominantly Untouchablecastes. She also points out that household-labor-using proprietors come from the ranks of the middle agricultural castes. Distribution of other resources and access to political control follow the same pattern of caste-cum-class distinctions. Although this congruence is strong, there is a tendency for class formation to occur despite the importance of caste, especially in the cities, but also in rural areas. In an analysis of class formation in India, anthropologist Harold A. Gould points out that a three-level system of stratification is taking shape across rural India. He calls the three levels Forward Classes (higher castes), Backward Classes (middle and lower castes), and Harijans (very low castes). Members of these groups share common concerns because they stand in approximately the same relationship to land and productionthat is, they are large-scale farmers, small-scale farmers, and landless laborers. Some of these groups are drawing together within regions across caste lines in order to work for political power and access to desirable resources. For example, since the late 1960s, some of the middle-ranking cultivating castes of northern India have increasingly cooperated in the political arena in order to advance their common agrarian and market-oriented interests. Their efforts have been spurred by competition with higher-caste landed elites. In cities other groups have vested interests that crosscut caste boundaries, suggesting the possibility of forming classes in the future. These groups include prosperous industrialists and entrepreneurs, who have made successful efforts to push the central government toward a pro-business stance; bureaucrats, who depend upon higher education rather than land to preserve their positions as civil servants; political officeholders, who enjoy good salaries and perquisites of all kinds; and the military, who constitute one of the most powerful armed forces in the developing world. Economically far below such groups are members of the menial underclass, which is taking shape in both villages and urban areas. As the privileged elites move ahead, low-ranking menial workers remain economically insecure. Were they to join together to mobilize politically across lines of class and religion in recognition of their common interests, Gould observes, they might find power in their sheer numbers. Indias rapidly expanding economy has provided the basis for a fundamental changethe emergence of what eminent journalist Suman Dubey calls a new vanguard increasingly dictating Indias political and economic direction. This group is Indias new middle classmobile, driven, consumer-oriented, and, to some extent, forward-looking. Hard to define precisely, it is not a single stratum of society, but straddles town and countryside, making its voice heard everywhere. It encompasses prosperous farmers, white-collar workers, business people, military personnel, and myriad others, all actively working toward a prosperous life. Ownership of cars, televisions, and other consumer goods, reasonable earnings, substantial savings, and educated children (often fluent in English) typify this diverse group. Many have ties to kinsmen living abroad who have done very well. The new middle class is booming, at least partially in response to a doubling of the salaries of some 4 million central government employees in 1986, followed by similar increases for state and district officers. Unprecedented liberalization and opening up of the economy in the 1980s and 1990s have been part of the picture. There is no single set of criteria defining the middle class, and estimates of its numbers vary widely. The mid-range of figures presented in a 1992 survey article by analyst Suman Dubey is approximately 150 to 175 millionsome 20 percent of the populationalthough other observers suggest alternative figures. The middle class appears to be increasing rapidly. Once primarily urban and largely Hindu, the phenomenon of the consuming middle class is burgeoning among Muslims and prosperous villagers as well. According to V.A. Pai Panandikar, director of the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi, cited by Dubey, by the end of the twentieth century 30 percentsome 300 millionof Indias population will be middle class. The middle class is bracketed on either side by the upper and lower echelons. Members of the upper classaround 1 percent of the populationare owners of large properties, members of exclusive clubs, and vacationers in foreign lands, and include industrialists, former maharajas, and top executives. Below the middle class is perhaps a third of the populationordinary farmers, tradespeople, artisans, and workers. At the bottom of the economic scale are the poorestimated at 320 million, some 45 percent of the population in 1988who live in inadequate homes without adequate food, work for pittances, have undereducated and often sickly children, and are the victims of numerous social inequities. Changing Pattern of Caste system in India: Despite many problems, the caste system has operated successfully for centuries, providing goods and services to Indias many millions of citizens. The system continues to operate, but changes are occurring. Indias constitution guarantees basic rights to all its citizens, including the right to equality and equal protection before the law. The practice of untouchability, as well as discrimination on the basis of caste, race, sex, or religion, has been legally abolished. All citizens have the right to vote, and political competition is lively. Voters from every stratum of society have formed interest groups, overlapping and crosscutting castes, creating an evolving new style of integrating Indian society. Castes themselves, however, far from being abolished, have certain rights under Indian law. As described by anthropologist Owen M. Lynch and other scholars, in the expanding political arena caste groups are becoming more politicized and forced to compete with other interest groups for social and economic benefits. In the growing cities, traditional intercaste interdependencies are negligible. Independent India has built on earlier British efforts to remedy problems suffered by Dalits by granting them some benefits of protective discrimination. Scheduled Castes are entitled to reserved electoral offices, reserved jobs in central and state governments, and special educational benefits. The constitution mandates that one-seventh of state and national legislative seats be reserved for members of Scheduled Castes in order to guarantee their voice in government. Reserving seats has proven useful because few, if any, Scheduled Caste candidates have ever been elected in non-reserved constituencies. Educationally, Dalit students have benefited from scholarships, and Scheduled Caste literacy increased (from 10.3 percent in 1961 to 21.4 percent in 1981, the last year for which such figures are available), although not as rapidly as among the general population. Improved access to education has resulted in the emergence of a substantial group of educated Dalits able to take up white-collar occupations and fight for their rights. There has been tremendous resistance among non-Dalits to this protective discrimination for the Scheduled Castes, who constitute some 16 percent of the total population, and efforts have been made to provide similar advantages to the so-called Backward Classes (see Glossary), who constitute an estimated 52 percent of the population. In August 1990, Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap (V.P.) Singh announced his intention to enforce the recommendations of the Backward Classes Commission (Mandal Commissionsee Glossary), issued in December 1980 and largely ignored for a decade. The report, which urged special advantages for obtaining civil service positions and admission to higher education for the Backward Classes, resulted in riots and self-immolations and contributed to the fall of the prime minister. The upper castes have been particularly adamant against these policies because unemployment is a major problem in India, and many feel that they are being unjustly excluded from posts for w hich they are better qualified than lower-caste applicants. As an act of protest, many Dalits have rejected Hinduism with its rigid ranking system. Following the example of their revered leader, Dr. Ambedkar, who converted to Buddhism four years before his death in 1956, millions of Dalits have embraced the faith of the Buddha. Over the past few centuries, many Dalits have also converted to Christianity and have often by this means raised their socioeconomic status. However, Christians of Dalit origin still often suffer from discrimination by Christiansand othersof higher caste backgrounds. Despite improvements in some aspects of Dalit status, 90 percent of them live in rural areas in the mid-1990s, where an increasing proportionmore than 50 percentwork as landless agricultural laborers. State and national governments have attempted to secure more just distribution of land by creating land ceilings and abolishing absentee landlordism, but evasive tactics by landowners have successfully prevented more than minimal redistribution of land to tenant farmers and laborers. In contemporary India, field hands face increased competition from tractors and harvesting machines. Similarly, artisans are being challenged by expanding commercial markets in mass-produced factory goods, undercutting traditional mutual obligations between patrons and clients. The spread of the Green Revolution has tended to increase the gap between the prosperous and the poormost of whom are low-caste. The growth of urbanization (an estimated 26 percent of the population now lives in cities) is having a far-reaching effect on caste practices, not only in cities but in villages. Among anonymous crowds in urban public spaces and on public transportation, caste affiliations are unknown, and observance of purity and pollution rules is negligible. Distinctive caste costumes have all but vanished, and low-caste names have been modified, although castes remain endogamous, and access to employment often occurs through intracaste connections. Restrictions on interactions with other castes are becoming more relaxed, and, at the same time, observance of other pollution rules is decliningespecially those concerning birth, death, and menstruation. Several growing Hindu sects draw members from many castes and regions, and communication between cities and villages is expanding dramatically. Kin in town and country visit one another frequently, and television programs available to huge numbers of villagers vividly portray new lifestyles. As new occupations open up in urban areas, the correlation of caste with occupation is declining. Caste associations have expanded their areas of concern beyond traditional elite emulation and local politics into the wider political arenas of state and national politics. Finding power in numbers within Indias democratic system, caste groups are pulling together closely allied subcastes in their quest for political influence. In efforts to solidify caste bonds, some caste associations have organized marriage fairs where families can make matches for their children. Traditional hierarchical concerns are being minimized in favor of strengthening horizontal unity. Thus, while pollution observances are declining, caste consciousness is not. Education and election to political office have advanced the status of many Dalits, but the overall picture remains one of great inequity. In recent decades, Dalit anger has been expressed in writings, demonstrations, strikes, and the activities of such groups as the Dalit Panthers, a radical political party demanding revolutionary change. A wider Dalit movement, including political parties, educational activities, self-help centers, and labor organizations, has spread to many areas of the country. In a 1982 Dalit publication, Dilip Hiro wrote, It is one of the great modern Indian tragedies and dangers that even well meaning Indians still find it so difficult to accept Untouchable mobility as being legitimate in fact as well as in theory. . . . Still, against all odds, a small intelligentsia has worked for many years toward the goal of freeing India of caste consciousness. Factor contributing to caste change: The main factors responsible for the changes of caste system are: Modern education: Modern education is one of the major factors for weakening of the caste. It has gone to make negative impacts upon casteism. As modern education is deeply ingrained into the values such as liberty, equality and fraternity, it gives no place for hoary social evils and practices like casteism. Education also encouraged inter-caste marriage. The feeling of untouchability and prejudices are being gradually eliminated from the mind of the children of all caste. Industrialization: With the advent of industrialization people of all castes were forced to find out employment in factories in big cities. In the industrial centers members of different castes came into mutual contact, made harmonious relationship with other and forgot the caste barriers. Urbanization: Industrialization, transportation and widened communication are the main facors responsible to decrease the sentiment of the caste from the people to a greater extent. Higher caste members who moved to urban areas for pursuing employment found it difficult to retain their caste ideas and practice. Significance of wealth: In the past power of money was not much dominating factor in the society. Today wealth is replacing caste as the basis of social prestige. In other words money has become a deciding factor for influencing human life at present. Rise of Nationalism: Nationalism bound up with the concept of universal brotherhood has opened up new volumes in inter-caste relations. It seems to have helped to a considerable extent in shortening the prejudices of casteism from the mind of people in rural areas. Effect of social reforms: Social reform movement had also gone to a wider extent in diminishing caste prejudices from the upper caste minds. Social reformer like Babasaheb, Ambedkar, Balgangadhar Tilak, Ranade had done a lot for removing caste distinction and prejudice from the mind of Indians. Conclusion: The strength of caste themselves, of the individuals attachment to his own caste, it may be claimed that the traditional caste system has been profoundly altered. In that system each individual caste had its ascribed place and co-operated with each other castes in a traditional economy and in ritual. No doubt there was always some competition between castes and there were changes in position in the hierarchy of prestige; but there was no generalized competition. It is quit otherwise with the modern caste associations, which exist in order to compete for wealth, educational opportunities and social prestige in a much more open society. The class interests and demands of the toiling people, the poor and the oppressed, has largely been expressed in the form of caste politics. Articulated within the structures of Indias democracy, this caste based politics has succeeded in providing significant relief to the lower castes, who form the overwhelming majority of Indias toiling masses. Next week, this column will look at the consequences of lower caste politics in contemporary India.

The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research papers

Chapters 12-14 Identifying Facts 1.Huck and Jim avoided being seen while floating down the river by camouflaging the raft with thickets and things of that sort. They would just cover themselves up with things of nature which served as a shelter and a hiding place. 2. Huck discovers three men on the wrecked steamboat Jake Packard, Jim Turner, and Bill. 3. Huck and Jim cannot escape the steamboat because there were drunk men in their way. 4.The steamboat sinks 5.Huck gets his information about dukes and kings from books. Chapters 15-16 Identifying Facts 1. Huck and Jim’s plan to reach safe territory was to sell the raft and get on a steamboat and go to the free states. 2. When Huck rejoins Jim after they are lost in the fog Jim has been drinking and talking â€Å"wild.† 3. Jims response to Huck’s trick is frustration. He says â€Å" how could you make a fool of ole Jim with a lie?† 4. Huck convinces the men not to search the raft by saying that his pap is on it and he has smallpox. 5.Huck and Jim know they have passed Cairo because there was no â€Å"high ground† about Cairo. Chapters 17-18 Identifying Facts 1,After Huck forgets his name he tricks Buck into revealing it by having him spell it. 2. Emmeline Grangerford was most interested in the theme of death. 3.Huck rediscovers Jim by following a slave into the woods where Jim has been hiding. 4.Jim and Huck’s raft had been â€Å"smashed all to flinders.† 5.Huck feels responsible for Sophia’s elopement because he had fetched the book with a...

Apartheid In South Africa Essay -- South African Apartheid 2014

Segregation is a concept as old as time, and it is not unique to the United States. South Africa still suffers from the effects of an organized and government mandated system of segregation called apartheid that lasted for over a quarter of a century. Apartheid, literally translated from Afrikaans, means apartness (Mandela 40). It is defined as a policy of racial segregation and â€Å"political and economic discrimination against non-European groups in the Republic of South Africa† (â€Å"Apartheid†). According to Robin Cohen, South African apartheid was based on four basic premises: â€Å"white monopoly of political power, the manipulation of space to achieve racial segregation, the control of black labor, and urban social control† (qtd. in Massie 385). Apartheid was widely supported by powerful nations, including the United States. However, the validity of the arguments and actions that those supporters used was questionable and not based in fact. History The brief history on South African apartheid that follows is essential to understanding the whole picture. The 1940s Apartheid began as an implied law in the seventh century with the start of the slave trade where an estimated 25 million blacks were sold into slavery over a period of 12 centuries (Stock 65). However, it was not until 1948 that the South African government actually passed apartheid laws (â€Å"Timeline†). The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 strictly prohibited people of different races marrying and having offspring (Stock 21). The 1950s The 1950s were the era of Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd, the Minister of Native Affairs, and later, Prime Minister of South Africa. The Population Registration Act of 1950 required all people to be designated and registered by a specific race: white, black, or of mixed decent, considered colored (â€Å"History†). This designation was primarily based on appearance, often by means of the â€Å"pencil in the hair† test. Officials would begin by placing a pencil in a person’s hair. If the hair was curly enough to hold the pencil while bending over, the person was black, and if the pencil fell out, the person was colored (Massie 21). In 1951 homelands, or bantustans, were established (â€Å"Timeline†). The homelands were South Africa’s equivalent to America’s reservations. Blacks, who had no rights outside their h... ...brary, Powell, WY. 7 Nov. 2004 . â€Å"Allied with Apartheid: Reagan Supported Racist South African Gvt.† Democracy Now. 11 June 2004. Lexis Nexis. NWC Library, Powell, WY. 7 Nov. 2004 . â€Å"Apartheid.† Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 10th ed. 1994. Geyer, A.L. â€Å"The Case for Apartheid, 1953.† Modern History Sourcebook. 19 Aug. 1953. EBSCOhost. NWC Library, Powell, WY. 7 Nov. 2004 . â€Å"The History of Apartheid in South Africa.† Stanford Students. 7 Nov. 2004 . â€Å"Justice for South Africa: Pay the Debt.† TransAfrica Forum. 2004. Lexis-Nexis. NWC Library, Powell, WY. 7 Nov. 2004 . Mandela, Nelson. Mandela: An Illustrated Autobiography. Boston: Little, Brown Company. 1994. Massie, Robert K. Loosing the Bonds: The United States and South Africa in the Apartheid Years. New York: Bantam. 1997. Stock, Robert. Africa South of the Sahara. New York: The Guliford Press. 1995. â€Å"Timeline of South African Apartheid.† Northstar K-12. 7 Nov. 2004 .

American Indian Education Essay

In this article the author argues that the American government should provide the Indian society the opportunity to create their own institution, for further education. He believes the American culture is being forced upon Indian society through education. Arthur C Parker believes in further education, as he himself is a no graduate from Dickinson Seminary. In his experience, Indian Students are being taught to assimilate to common American culture, while disregarding there own family tree. He states that by placing an Indian University, students would be granted the opportunity to further there education, as well as, the opportunity to embrace there own culture. Based upon Indian culture, Indians will be able to expand there education at a superior level, while never being forced to be similar to the white race. The American Indian wouldn’t be no less than an American, now be treated any differently, but he believed that the Indian had the opportunity to be granted the same education. Furthermore, he feels like no other Indian should be left out of the proper education they deserve. In conclusion, Arthur C. Parker strongly stands up for his believes, and does bend his head in shame, he is proud to be and Indian. Considering the time frame, 1913, where America is a developing nation of many cultures, the brining of a single race institution would cause a big controversy. America is known as the â€Å"Melting Pot†, where there is a variety of different cultures. To one, this article will seem to be talking back to American society. Parker has a strong believe and feels like this will improve the Indians education. I believe that he is so passionate for the American Indian University because he did not have the opportunity to complete his education, probably because he didn’t feel comfortable in his learning environment. In my perspective, this article is important, but nothing extraordinary from modern days, this issue continues with other races. The opportunity to have a single race intuition would’ve meant that every single race would have that same right, one has to be accustomed to what America is, as of today, a mixture of many cultures and beliefs. In my opinion, any student who believes, and want a higher education, will do so in any environment they are in.

Motivation in workplace Essay

Motivation is the drive that makes us do things: this is a result of our individual needs being met so that we are galvanised to complete the task. Depending on how motivated we are, may further govern the effort we put into our work and perhaps increase output and the quality of that output. Some people are motivated by a high wage or salary but others look for satisfaction from responsibility or a job well done. Businesses rely on their staff being efficient, both in the quantity and quality of output. If employees are not sufficiently motivated to meet these criteria, the business has a problem. A study published in 1966 by Fredrick Herzberg, after he had interviewed a number of people from different professions, attempted to find out two things: * Those factors that motivated people in the workforce – factors that resulted in job satisfaction and further increased their efficiency * Those factors that prevented job dissatisfaction – these factors did not make employees happy but removed unhappiness from working. Such factors, Herzberg referred to as ‘hygiene’ factors – those that if not satisfied would reduce employee efficiency. Although some factors were found to fall into both categories, broadly speaking, Herzberg identified, Achievement, Recognition. The Nature of Work, and Responsibility as motivators, and How the Business was Run, Supervision, Work Conditions, and Pay as hygiene factors. One striking finding in the study was that factors associated with encouraging motivation, have little connection with money, but are associated with personal development and achievement. This is not to say that increasing pay doesn’t remove job dissatisfaction – it does, but only in the short term. Shine Communications, a communications agency based in London and employing 56 staff, was voted by employees, the number one company, in the Sunday Times 100 Best Small Companies to Work For, 2012. Over 500 companies entered this competition and were judged according to a number of pre-determined criteria, assessed by the answers to 70 questions. Shine achieved top scores in 36 of the questions. â€Å"I do believe if you look after your people and you are a consultancy, you are going get great results as you are looking after your best asset†, says Rachel Bell, the chief executive of Shine. Bell, who was voted Best Leader, says she wants staff to reach their full potential and is always asking staff for advice. Ten per cent of Shine’s annual profit is re-invested into training, and each member of staff has a personal development fund which can be used, for example, on training or conquering a fear. Lawrence Colling, the joint managing director, has worked at Shine for 10 years and has never felt the need to work elsewhere – â€Å"the fact that it has grown five times over, only results in more exciting clients†. There is a flexible benefits scheme which can include membership of Tate Modern or raising money for charity, and this acts as an incentive to do well. Flexible working is encouraged, with the head of social media working partly from his home in France. Questions 1 At Shine Recruitment the joint managing director had been at the company for 10 years. Explain one disadvantage of staff working at a firm for a long period of time. 2 Labour turnover at Shine is 12 per cent per annum. Explain two advantages of low labour turnover for the firm. 3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs suggests that all workers have basic needs such as obtaining food and drink, which have to be satisfied before other needs can be considered. Does Maslow’s view tend to suggest that Herzberg’s theory is flawed? 4 From the information given in the case study, and using your own understanding of Herzberg, analyse two reasons why the level of job dissatisfaction at Shine may be low. 5 The name Shine was chosen from a quote in Nelson Mandella’s inaugural presidential address – â€Å"And as we let our own light show we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same†. What aspects of Herzberg’s motivators can you recognise from this philosophy? 6 Assess the benefits of Shine Communication re-investing 10 per cent of its profits back into the business through training. ANSWERS 1 It is important for a business to have a settled workforce in order for a good, calm working environment to prevail. It is clear that staff at Shine are happy in their work, but if the workforce is relatively young and ambitious the staff turnover is always going to occur. A disadvantage of this is that workers who add value to a company may be lost. However there are likely to be problems if staff stay too long. They may become stale and lack innovative ideas. They may settle for the status quo, the easy life, and sections of the company may lack dynamism because of this. Personal relationships can be a problem and freshening up of a workforce is often good. 2 Labour turnover – the number of people leaving a business in a period of time (usually a year) expressed as a percentage of the total workforce. A 12 per cent labour turnover at Shine means that 5 or 6 people leave each year and, in a relatively new, forward looking business, this should be regarded as relatively low, and perhaps about the right level. Having a settled workforce has a number of advantages. The training and experience gained can be channelled more effectively into a firm with workforce stability, more easily than with one with a high labour turnover. Employees get to know how others work, and indeed think, so much so that there will be less indecision over choices to be made. If a member of staff is not present, a settled staff can pick up the work more easily. If employees are happy then productivity is more likely to increase as there is less friction in the workplace. Indeed it can be argued that a firm with a low labour turnover is a happy staff, otherwise more staff would leave. Shine invests heavily in training. This is not wasted if employees stay with the firm for a reasonable length of time. 3. Abraham Maslow’s study originated in the 1950s and is still has appeal for businesses as it has clarity. There would be little argument that everyone needs to satisfy physiological needs such as enough in a wage packet to pay the bills, and employers are aware of this and in the main heed to it. Maslow’s theory is based on a hierarchy with each successive level needing to be achieved before an individual can progress on to the next level. Again the second level of safety would seem to find most employers agreeing. After all, workers must feel safe in the working environment and would like security in their job. It is when the theory moves on to the higher levels of love and belonging, esteem needs and self-actualisation that more disagreement occurs. There is a problem as to when a particular level is satisfied; some rewards appear to cover more than one level – money can bring status and that would be the esteem level. Some levels will never be attained by some workers. Nevertheless, like many models, Maslow gives us a model for comparison, a measure to assess workers against. If needs are satisfied workers are more likely to be motivated. Herzberg has similarities to Maslow as he also attempted to find out what motivated people and indeed the similarities are also found in other areas. Herzberg’s findings, that people are motivated by achievement and recognition sit fairly comfortably with Maslow’s top level of self-actualisation and to a certain extent esteem needs. Where Maslow and Herzberg seem to differ is their attitude to pay/money. Herzberg does not see pay as a motivator, only as a hygiene factor which prevents dissatisfaction. Maslow states that employees cannot satisfy higher levels until they have their basic needs satiated and feel safe. Perhaps the views are not so disparate. This is a personal view, but it should be noted that Herzberg’s studies were concentrated on very specific groups – engineers and accountants. Most within these two groups would be well qualified and well paid. Perhaps they had already achieved the lower levels of Maslow’s hierarchy and therefore were looking for something more intrinsic to satisfy their need for motivation. What perhaps is safest to conclude is that different things motivate different people. Some will be money motivated, others less so. Some will seek solace and motivation in a job well done whilst others can easily divorce themselves from their job – it is a means to an end. 4 Herzberg’s motivators were Achievement, Recognition, the nature of work and Responsibility rather than mere monetary matters. The chief executive of Shine wants employees to reach their full potential. This fits neatly into the ‘achievement’ and ‘responsibility’ motivators of Herzberg. Rachel Bell (chief executive) is always seeking the views of staff and if those views are acted upon dissatisfaction in the work place would be relatively low. Employees appear to be well trained and if that equates to being good at your job you will be more confident, will look forward to coming into work and will be satisfied with your role. Couple this with the fact that the firm is growing then there will be more opportunity for achievement and recognition at work and less reason to be dissatisfied with how the business is run, supervision and work conditions. Combine these with the relatively low rate of labour turnover and it tempting to suggest that job dissatisfaction at Shine is low. 5. The chief executive of Shine Communications is clear that the people in the business are its best asset. The firm attempts, through its flexible benefits scheme, it flexible working initiatives and its vigorous attitude to training to get the best from its employees. The philosophy underpinning the name ‘Shine’ is to let employees use their own strengths to the benefit of the company which in turn, it hopes, will inspire others to do the same. Herzberg believed Responsibility to be a key part of his motivational strategy. This also allies closely to the idea of job enrichment where employees who are given greater degrees of personal responsibility in their job will be enriched by it. Shine Communications has grown five times over since its start up and its joint managing director Lawrence Colling believes this results in more exciting clients. This view can be aligned to Herzberg’s motivators of achievement and recognition. The fact that the employees voted the company the best small business to work for gives an endorsement to the nature of the work and again to the achievement felt in working for this successful firm. Whilst the ideas of personal development funds and a flexible benefits scheme do not neatly fall into Herzberg’s idea of motivators they will help prevent dissatisfaction in the workplace. Herzberg is clear that the hygiene factors that need to be in place in order to allow the motivators to function. Employees appear to be satisfied with how the business is run and this helps prevention dissatisfaction in the workplace. 6. Training can be provided in a number of ways. On-the-job training is particularly beneficial for new staff who can be shown how certain aspects of the job are done whilst actually performing those tasks, under supervision. Off the-job training is provided in a separate environment, such as a college or specialist work site and the training may be carried out by outside organisations. Induction training is generally provided over a short period of time when new employees are taken on by a firm. It helps new staff to see what is expected of them in a more general way. Shine Communications ploughs 10 per cent of profits back into the business through training. It clearly believes this to be a worthwhile investment. All employees are given training and some staff may use part of their personal development fund for additional training. Communications is a fast changing world and firms and their employees need to keep up-to-date on the latest developments, particularly in electronic communications. Personnel communication is a skill not always addressed in business and one in which some people adapt more readily to than others. Both of these types of training will be of great importance to Shine. Theory would suggest that training is costly; that it can be disruptive, and that some employees do not want it as it takes them out of their comfort zone. Not all training providers are good. Not all training is relevant, yet as most businesses provide training as part of an ongoing programme it may be safe to assume that is valuable. At Shine there appears to be a correlation between the amount of training provided and the success of the business. This is not to say that good training will make a business successful, more that the chances of success are enhanced and that the removal of training is more likely to hinder the progress of the firm than benefit it. It could be argued that the ten per cent of profits set aside for training could be invested back into the business in another way but after a firm has paid out dividends to its shareholders it would be wise in invest in a number of areas, of which training would be high on the agenda.

Gulliver’s Travels Essay

When Blackadder and Prince George are faced with dilemma of bribing an MP to vote in the princes favour they provide us with a description of a member of parliament called Sir Talbot Buxomly who is corrupt, cruel, ineffectual and open to bribes. According to Blackadder he is a perfect candidate to become a High Court Judge and even Prince George thinks he is â€Å"a little over qualified†. â€Å"Blackadder: Sir Talbot has the worst attendance record of any Member of Parliament†¦ but if we can get him to support us, we’re safe†¦ he’s a violent, bigoted, mindless old fool† The use of satire here suggests that the high court judge isn’t necessarily as honest as you would expect a person with that much power to be. A comparison with this is Swifts description of the Emperor in chapter two. He describes how he is expensively dressed. ‘He had on his head a light helmet of gold, adorned with jewels, and a plume on the crest’. Swift compares him to the pompons King George the first. He was king of England but was brought over from Germany and did not speak the language. When the Emperor speaks at Gulliver he cannot understand a word and this is his bribe at the king. Like Sir Talbot Buxomly, the Emperor is useless and incompetent. When it comes to the actual election, Blackadder confesses that they will cheat in order to win votes. He is not alone in this outlook as one of his opponents, Pitt the Even Younger confesses what he did in order to be a decent politician – bad mouthed the opposition. – Bribed the newspapers. – Threatened to torture the public if his party lost. Once again driving home the point that the politicians will do anything within their power to get a seat in parliament. You can tell that cheating is certainly not beneath them when Pitt the Even Younger told what was a decent politician is in his opinion. â€Å"I fail to see what more a decent politician could have done† Similar examples of satire, which criticise politics and the government are also found in â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels†. In Lilliput anybody who jumps over the highest rope gets a position in court and how candidates jump over and creep under a stick held at various heights win the silken threads which show the kings favourite. Just like in Blackadder getting a job in the court in lilliput is not to down how good you would be at the job but is down to how much you can creep, crawl and pander to the king. â€Å"Whoever performs his part with the most agility and hold out the largest in creeping and crawling, is rewarded†¦ â€Å"

Science a world of its own

Science, what does this word mean when you're a teacher or more importantly learning to be a teacher. Is it a dirty word? Or Just unfamiliar! Are we scared or Just unsure how to teach it? I will be looking at these thinking by current pre service teachers and graduate teachers. How do we gain confidence, belief and a good attitude towards teaching science in schools? Is it really that hard and daunting to teach 5 year olds and then again to 12 year olds. Is there any difference?Is there a way to help in making science a subject that is as important to a pre service teacher s Health & Physical Education or Art? â€Å"Science in Australian primary school is thus in a state of crisis† (Department of Employment & Training, 1989). Attitude towards teaching science at school is a major problem. Previous research has shown that elementary education majors often dislike science and lack confidence in their ability to teach it. This is an important problem because students who hold the se attitudes are likely to avoid teaching science, or teach it poorly, when they become teachers.It is therefore necessary to identify pre service elementary teachers who hold negative attitudes towards science, and attempt to convert these attitudes to positive before they become teachers. (David H. Palmer, 2001). Why is our attitude so dish-Jointed when it comes to science and to some extent mathematics too? Personally I can't remember much about doing science in primary school as it was too long ago. I feel that it was casual and fun but what I do remember doing was some exciting stuff in and around the school boundaries.Finding bugs, doing experiments and making erupting volcano's in year 6. But high school to me it started to be boring, not fun and an attitude â€Å"why do I have to go to Physics and Chemistry? Over the last two decades, a considerable amount of research attention has focused on the science attitudes of pre service elementary teachers. It has been found that m any of them hold negative attitudes which appear to have arisen from their past experiences in science, particularly at secondary level (Babel & Smith, 1994; Unloading & Wallace, 1996; Scamp, 1991; Westerners, 1982).The only good thing about science was Chemistry when you could play with chemicals and the Bunsen burners and melt things. I believe most pre service teachers think of this time in High School and make a Judgment. Within 3 seeks my attitude has started to change. With what I have seen and learnt, I am optimistic, a little excited on teaching science at primary school. What can change the attitude of the pre service teachers? There were three main reasons: personal attributes of the tutor, specific teaching strategies, and external validation.It was proposed that many of the individual factors were effective because they represented either â€Å"performance accomplishments† or â€Å"vicarious experience† as defined by Bandeau (Psychological Review, 84, 1977, 191-215). Do we as pre service teachers have enough knowledge and belief about science to infidelity teach it at school? Teaching practices are often considered as one of the reasons why American students are not currently demonstrating top achievement in science and mathematics. Both theory and common sense suggest that teachers ‘knowledge of subject matter necessarily influences their classroom practices.Linkages between teachers' personal knowledge, beliefs, and instructional activity have proven elusive despite the considerable level of concern expressed regarding low levels of mathematics and science knowledge possessed by pre and in service elementary teachers Leningrad, Putnam, Stein, & Baxter, 1991). Elementary teachers have been found to possess generally low level conceptual and factual knowledge as well as inadequate skills in the content area of science (Victor, 1962; Blower & Howe, 1969; Winner, 1993).General agreement exists that lack of such a background in sci ence knowledge significantly contributes to hesitancy and possible inability to deliver effective science instruction in classroom settings. Indeed, previous research in this area found that teachers gravitate toward performing those tasks in which they feel confident and competent (Cunningham & Blankness's. 979; Hone. 1976). Do I feel I have that belief and knowledge? I certainly don't have a full knowledge of what I need to be a competent science teacher, but be assured I'm excited to teach and be taught over the next couple of years.I certainly believe I can teach but gaining more knowledge would be an advantage. Maybe if science and mathematics subjects are more prevalent in undergraduate courses, than what it currently is around the country, it may be a subject that teachers will like to teach. As there continues to be a need for pre service teachers to bolster their understanding in these areas, this might well indicate a need for collaborative efforts between departments of s cience and mathematics and departments of education in devising ways in which higher education might better serve the needs of these entry- level teachers.Are we being taught enough in undergraduate teaching courses in the science subjects? Is more needed to alleviate the growing concern in this matter. A lot of studies have been conducted throughout the world, especially in western society. Not only pre service and graduate teachers had trouble teaching science but so did hose teaching for example grade 6. From what I have read many teachers believe that they need a more clear direction, a lack of materials and more information on suitable topics to be taught is needed. The general feeling was that teaching science involved considerable effort.This effort involved preparing a suitable topic and organizing the materials necessary to teach that topic. As well there seemed to be a lack of direction in the area of science. The feeling was that many teachers do not consider science to b e a high priority and hence were not willing to expend energy in organizing for it. A comparison was made between teaching science and social studies. The teachers suggested social studies was much easier to teach because the curriculum was well organized, the information was all together in one book and there were few materials needed.Science on the other hand required gathering ideas from a variety of books as well as a lot of materials for activities. Many of these materials were consumable and had to be replaced each year. One teacher suggested that ;there are some teachers who love science and are willing to put in the effort but the majority do not. There is no doubt that the use of a quality traduced program with supporting equipment and appropriate in servicing can help the primary teacher initiate worthwhile, sequenced science lessons on a regular basis.A study of 139 pre service teachers from the University college of Central Queensland by Ken Appleton concluded that there are general points about teaching science discipline knowledge in pre service and, by extrapolation, in service courses which can be learned from this study. Firstly, science discipline knowledge needs to be taught in a way which will give students a more positive self -image of themselves as teachers of science and technology.Teaching discipline knowledge without taking this goal into consideration may do more harm than good: ; students' self – perceptions may well remain largely negative, and may even become more negative. Secondly, the teaching strategies which have proved effective in generating positive changes in self-perception tend to be time consuming, and need to be conducted in small group settings rather than large lectures. This means that the amount of content â€Å"covered† would usually be less than; that delivered in large group lectures.That is, what is gained in students' self-confidence, is paid for by covering less intent. The small group teaching also means more expensive teaching compared to traditional lecture and laboratory methods. Thirdly, once students' self-confidence is improved, many could be expected to access science and technology content for themselves through individual research and/or normal science courses-? while not proven, this is a reasonable hypothesis given the changes documented in this study and others (Kirkwood, Berlin & Hardy, 1989).Ideally, a pre service course should there- fore contain at least two compulsory science and technology education units: he first based on strategies such as those outlined here, and the second a more specific focus on discipline knowledge. However, restrictions on the number of compulsory science education units able to be included in a pre-service course may make independent study the only viable means for many students to gain further science and technology discipline knowledge.I personally know that when I first ventured into being a teacher 7 years ago, I studied t o be a secondary PEE teacher. It was very science based, because you specialize in these subjects to teach at secondary. But primary school teaching is different you need a range of knowledge in al teaching disciplines from art, religion, JOSE, English, mathematics, IT and science to name a few. You never know when you need that knowledge even if you're a specialist teacher.If there is still such a lack of concern for competency in teaching science in primary education, maybe there should be extra training for graduate teachers either through a tertiary institution or during their first years as a teacher or even in the summer before they start teaching at a school and let's not forget about the current teachers either. Studies have shown that they still need updated knowledge in science subjects. Keeping this in mind the more extra-curricular learning a teacher can get the more confident they will be to teach science.This in turn will change their attitude and belief to teaching it and influence other pre service teachers wanting to move into the primary school teaching. Unfortunately teaching science at primary school level is still daunting to many pre service teachers. Having had bad experiences while at school themselves, this has contributed to pre service teachers not having enough practical and theory based knowledge, having little or no belief and confidence being low. Will science ever be a object that pre service teachers want to teach? Will it change over time?It has been known that a problem exists for decades but no one seems to have the answer to alleviate the problem. Many studies, surveys have been performed and implemented without success. What will the government of Australia do to fix this problem? With the change to a national curriculum, let's hope something will finally be done.